系统观点（系统思想）

系统思想

systems thinking

“系统”一词最早出现于古希腊语中

The word "system" first appeared in ancient Greek

原意是指事物中“共同”部分和每个事物

Original meaning refers to the "common" part of things and each thing

应“给以位置”，也就是部分组成整体的思想。

It should be "placed", that is, the idea that parts make up a whole.

系统的定义

—system definition—

系统是由互相作用和相互依赖的若干组成部分结合成的具有特定功能的有机整体，而且这个“系统”本身又是他所从属的更大一个系统的组成部分

A system is an organic whole with specific functions that combines several components that interact and depend on each other, and this "system" itself is a component of a larger system to which it belongs.

系统的特征

System characteristics

根据系统的定义，可以归纳出系统有如下特性：1、集成性，系统由两个或两个以上要素组成的集合，系统并非其要素简单的堆积，而是要素间的复杂关系所构成的有机结合。2、整体性，系统是一个整体，它最追求的是整体最优，而不是每一个要素最优。一个系统的整体效果并不等于其各个要素的效果的简单相加。如果要素间配合得好，一个系统的整体效果应大于其各要素的效果之和。3、目的性，系统必须具有特定的功能，要素的结合是实现系统的功能，因此具有目的性。4、相关性、任何系统的要素之间、要素与整体之间以及整体与环境之间都是互相联系的，系统相关性使得系统的内部和外部形成一定的结构与秩序。5、层次性，系统与要素的概念是相对的，它们处于不同的等级，系统包含要素。6、对环境的适应性，系统总是在一定的环境中运行。系统是在与环境进行物质或信息交换中不断进行自我调节，因此具有适应性。

According to the definition of the system, it can be concluded that the system has the following characteristics: 1. Integration, the system is composed of two or more elements. The system is not a simple accumulation of its elements, but an organic complex composed of complex relationships between elements. combine. 2. Integrity, the system is a whole, and what it most pursues is the overall optimization, not the optimization of each element. The overall effect of a system is not the simple addition of the effects of its individual elements. If the elements cooperate well, the overall effect of a system should be greater than the sum of the effects of its elements. 3. Purpose, the system must have specific functions, and the combination of elements is to realize the function of the system, so it has purpose. 4. Correlation, the elements of any system, the elements and the whole, and the whole and the environment are all interconnected, and the system correlation makes the interior and exterior of the system form a certain structure and order. 5. Hierarchical, the concepts of system and element are relative, they are at different levels, and the system contains elements. 6. Adaptability to the environment, the system always runs in a certain environment. The system is constantly self-regulating in the exchange of substances or information with the environment, so it is adaptive.

参考资料：文字：《物流系统规划与设计》；图片：百度；翻译：谷歌翻译

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