世界上最先进的四个战机英文（20世纪的战机大号）

20世纪的“战机大号”曾在雷达前发现战机

Before the invention of radar during World War II, incoming enemy warplanes were detected by listening with the aid of "sound locators" that looked more like musical instruments than tools of war.

在第二次世界大战期间雷达发明之前，入侵的敌方战机是在“声音定位器”的帮助下通过监听来探测的，这种定位器看起来更像乐器，而不是战争工具。

These radar forerunners, which earned the nicknames "war tubas" or "sound trumpets," were first used during World War I by France and Britain to spot German Zeppelin airships. The purely mechanical devices were, essentially, large horns connected to a stethoscope.

这些雷达的前身，赢得了“战争大号”或“声音小号”的绰号，第一次被法国和英国在第一次世界大战期间用来发现德国齐柏林飞艇。这些纯粹的机械装置基本上是连接听诊器的大喇叭。

"It was a development of artillery sound ranging," explained Phil Judkins, a war historian and Visiting Fellow at the University of Leeds, during a phone interview.

“这是炮声测距技术的发展，”战争历史学家、利兹大学访问学者菲尔·朱德金斯在接受电话采访时解释说。

"It had been noticed for quite some time that you could locate a gun if two or three or four different people listening to the gunshot each took a bearing." Combining the bearings, or the measurements of direction between two points, would give the location of the gun. That same process was then applied to listening for aircraft.

“很长一段时间以来人们都注意到，如果两个、三个或四个听枪声的不同的人各定一个方位，你就可以找到一把枪。”结合方位，或两点之间的方向测量，就可以得到枪的位置。同样的过程也适用于监听飞机。

日本声学定位仪，又称“战争大号”

范围有限

A common configuration of the device had three horns arranged vertically plus an extra one to the side. The central one in the set of three and the lateral one were used to get the aircraft's bearing, while the remaining two were used to estimate its height. The operators would listen in through the stethoscope and tilt the horns until they got the loudest sound.

该设备的一个常见配置是，三个喇叭垂直排列，另外一个喇叭在侧面。三组中的中间一组和侧面一组用来获得飞机的方位，其余两组用来估计飞机的高度。接线员会通过听诊器收听，并倾斜喇叭，直到听到最大的声音。

"That will then give you the direction, and with a little trigonometry it will give you the height of the aircraft," said Judkins.

朱德金斯说：“这样你就能知道方向，再加上一点三角法，你就能知道飞机的高度了。”。

在北威尔士金梅尔公园军营操作飞机探测器的军事人员。

Sound locators were used near the frontline in conjunction with anti-aircraft guns, but their range was limited to just a few miles. "The number of times any enemy aircraft was actually shot down using them is very small, or at least the number of recorded occasions that we know about. But the number of times any enemy aircraft was shot down using fighters and so on was pretty small as well," said Junkins.

在前线附近配合高射炮使用了声音定位器，但其射程仅限于几英里。”任何一架敌机被击落的次数都非常少，至少是我们所知道的有记录的次数。但任何敌机被战斗机等击落的次数也相当少。

声学反射镜

To get better range, the British also experimented with a static type of sound locator, made of concrete and shaped like a dish or a curved wall, known as an "acoustic mirror." These were first trialled in the southern and eastern coast of England during World War I and then built in about a dozen locations throughout the 1920s and 1930s. They were up to 30 feet (9 meters) in diameter, but a wall-shaped one in Kent, 60 miles south-east of London, spanned 200 feet (61 meters) in length. Many other countries including Germany, Japan and the United States were also developing sound locators at this time.

为了获得更好的音程，英国人还试验了一种静态式的声音定位器，由混凝土制成，形状像盘子或弯曲的墙壁，被称为“声反射镜”。第一次世界大战期间，它们首先在英格兰南部和东部海岸试用，然后在整个20世纪20年代和30年代在十几个地方建造。它们的直径高达30英尺（9米），但在伦敦东南60英里的肯特郡，一个墙形的，长度超过200英尺（61米）。包括德国、日本和美国在内的许多其他国家也在开发声音定位器。

肯特郡邓格内斯的声音镜子。

"The large concrete sound locators were obviously immovable but they had better range, about 10 to 15 miles, which would give one in Yorkshire listening to a Zeppelin approaching at a speed of 60 miles an hour a 15-minute warning of its arrival," said Judkins.

朱德金斯说：“大型混凝土声音定位器显然是不可移动的，但它们的射程更好，大约在10至15英里，这将使约克郡的一个探测器在听到齐柏林飞艇以每小时60英里的速度飞来时，发出15分钟的警报。”。

过时，但不能忘记

After 1930, microphones were used to pick up and amplify the noise, and later still, in 1939, the most advanced systems did away with sound completely and transformed the noise into a visual symbol on a cathode ray tube screen -- an innovation that came from the inventor of stereophonic sound, Alan Blumlein.

1930年以后，麦克风被用来拾取和放大噪声，后来，1939年，最先进的系统完全消除了声音，并将噪音转化为阴极射线管屏幕上的视觉符号——这是立体声声音发明者艾伦·布隆莱发明的一项创新。

"They eventually achieved ranges of up to about 20 miles in good conditions. The thing that overtook them, quite obviously, was the increasing speed of aircraft, which in the late 1930s were traveling at between 190 to 240 miles an hour," said Judkins.

“他们最终在良好的条件下达到了20英里的射程。很明显，超过他们的是飞机速度的提高，在20世纪30年代末，飞机以每小时190到240英里的速度飞行。

一名妇女站在一战“声音镜子”在范湾深庇护所内的悬崖俯瞰多佛，英国监听设备之一。

Planes were becoming too fast for sound locators, but by the outbreak of World War II, in 1939, the introduction of radar started making them obsolete anyway, although some sound locators were occasionally used until the end of the war. Radar had a range of 80 miles and played a crucial role in the Allied victory.

飞机对声音定位仪来说速度太快了，但是到了1939年第二次世界大战爆发时，雷达的引入使得它们开始过时，尽管有些声音定位仪偶尔被使用，直到战争结束。雷达的射程为80英里，在盟军的胜利中发挥了关键作用。