初中英语必背知识点整理归纳（超详细-初中英语知识点归纳汇总2）

第十三课时 动 词（三）

教学重点

一、助动词

助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它们的具体用法如下：

（1）助动词be

A. 可用于构成进行时态

She is doing her homework now.

I asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.

B. 可用于构成被动语态

The baby was put in bed by his mother.

The invitation was received yesterday.

C. 可与动词不定式构成谓语

These books are not to be taken out of the room.

She is to arrive at six this morning.

（2）助动词have

A. 构成完成时态

I have not seen him for three years.

How long has your uncle taught in the village?

He had lived in Scotland for fifteen years before he came to England.

B. 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情

She had to go shopping yesterday.

（3）助动词do

A. 构成疑问句和否定句

Did anyone sharpen this knife?

I don’t think you are right.

B．用来加强语气

I do want to have a talk with you

Do come and see me.

C．用来代替动词词组

Have you finished your work? Yes, I did yesterday.

He plays basketball well. So does his brother.

（4）助动词shall

构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况

I shall not be back tonight.

We shall pay a visit to the Banpo ruins next month.

（5）助动词will

构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：

They will move to a new house.

She will not eat any solid food.

注意：

（1）have to 与must的区别

must是情态动词，意思是“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，后接动词原形。Must的否定形式为mustn’t.构成疑问句时，肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”。如：

Must I do it now ?

Yes, you must No, you needn’t.

have to 表示“不得不，必须”，可用于多种时态。

I missed the train, so I had to take a taxi.

I’m sorry I won’t go with you, I’ll have to go to the bank.

We don’t have to install this new television set.

（2）used to 表示过去常常，而现在不再有的习惯。其否定形式为: used not to, usedn’t (usen’t) to , didn’t use to.

I used to go to work by bus. Now I go by car.

I used to collect stamps when I was a boy.

Used they to have a lot more free time ?

第十四课时 动 词（四）

教学重点

情态动词

（1）情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或表示主观设想。情态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的动词不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化，常用的情态动词有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.

① 情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或主观设想。如：

You may go now.

This bus can seat 40 people.

The work must be finished as soon as possible.

② 情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和不带to的不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化。

③ 情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式。

（2）情态动词的用法。

① may的用法

a. 表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。May not表示说话人“不许可”，如：

You may go now.

May I use you typewrite?

You may not go=I do not permit you to go.

b. 在回答may引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用yes, you may否定用No, you mustn’t. No, you can’t或No, you had better not.

② can的用法

a．表示能力，有“能、会、能够”的意思。

b. 表示允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以的意思。

c. 表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑问句。

The hall can hold at least 200 people.

The librarian said we could take these books.

Today is Sunday, he can’t be at school today.

d. can和be able to的用法比较

can用来表达能力时，由于只有现在时和过去时两种形式，其他时态要用be able to来表达。如：

I can play piano.

He has not been able to finish the work in time.

③ must 的用法

a. must表示必须，应该。如：

Must I come to the party?

The article must be completed before Friday.

b. must的否定形式mustn’t, 表示“不应该、不可以、禁止”。如：

You mustn’t get to school too late.

Must I do it now? Yes, you must. No, you needn’t

She must have gone to Beijing.

You must say sorry to me for that

You mustn’t clean only own room.

④ need的用法

a. need作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句，较少用于肯定句。如：

I needn’t wear a coat. = I don’t think I need wear a coat.

I don’t need things like that.

⑤ shall

用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人的意愿。如:

He shall get his money.

You shall do exactly as you wish.

Shall I turn on the light?

Shall I poen the window?

⑥ would的用法

表示愿望、决心、建议或看法，如：

I would like to go there.

I promised that I would do my best.

表示过去的习惯.

He would often come to my house to see me.

第十五课时 动词的时态（一）

教学重点

一般现在时

在英语中，不同时间里以不同方式发生的动作或存在的状态，要用不同的动词形式来表示，动词的这种不同形式称为动词的时态。

时态从时间上划分，可分为四大类：现在时；过去时；将来时；过去将来时。从行为上，每一类可以分为四种形式：一般式；进行式；完成式；完成进行式。这样英语的动词合起来，总共有十六种时态，初中只需掌握其中的八种时态。

1、一般现在时

（1）一般现在时表示现在的状态、习惯性的动作或主语所具备的性格和能力等。

① 当动词是be时，第一人称用am,第二人称用is,其他人称用are.

② 当动词是实义动词时，一般用动词原形，但如果主语是第三人称单数时，动词必须用第三人称单数形式，其变化规则如下：

助动词do（第三人称单数用does）构成否定句、疑问句及答语，但要注意助动词后原来的谓语动词要恢复原形。例如：

I like music. I don’t like music.

Do you like music? Yes, I do No, I don’t

（2）一般现在时的用法

① 表示经常、习惯性动作，常和often, usually, every day, sometimes, always等时间状语连用。如：

He goes to school by bus every day.

They often play football

② 表示能力、职业、特征。如：

Miss Gao teaches English.

Do you speak Japanese?

③ 表示客观存在。如：

The earth moves round the sun.

Time and tide wait for no man.

④ 表示已经安排好或计划好的事。如

The plane takes off at 7:30.

Classes begin at 8:00

⑤ 在时间状语和条件状语从句中，主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。如：

If I see him, I’ll tell him to give you a call.

We’ll wait until he comes back.

注意：

a. 一般现在时的一些常见的时间状语有：always, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, ever, never, every day, now and then, from time to time

b. 现在进行时有时用来代替一般现在时，表示一个经常性的重复的动作或状态。这时句中常带always, forever以表示说话人的某种感情，如赞叹、厌烦等。如：

He is always thinking of others.

He is always talking big.

第十六课时 动词的时态（二）

教学重点

一般过去时

一般过去时

（1）一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。

① 当动词为be动词时，应该用相应的过去式：

am is ---- was are ---- were

否定形式为：was not ---- wasn’t were not ---- weren’t

疑问句是将was, were 置于主语之前。

I was in Grade Three last term.

I wasn’t in Grade Two last term.

Which grade were you in?

② 当动词为实义动词时，用动词的过去式，过去式的变化有规则和不规则变化。规则变化如下：

动词过去式的不规则变化需要逐个记忆。见初三教材后的不规则动词变化形式表。

go ---- went begin ---- began sleep ---- slept run ---- ran

I heard the good news just now.

The twins didn’t go to school last week

Did you see the film yesterday ?

（2）一般过去时的用法

① 表示过去某一时间或一段时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常和表示过去的状语连用：yesterday, last week, a minute ago, in 1998, just now, in those days等。例如：

They had a baby last month.

My mother was ill yesterday.

He went out just now.

② 用于since引导的从句，主句的谓语动词如果用现在完成时，since引导的从句一般要用一般过去时。如：

He has worked in the factory since it opened in 1990.

You haven’t changed much since we last met.

注意：

a. 表示过去的时间状语常见的有：yesterday, last night(week, year, month, Sunday), then, at that time, just now, a few days(weeks, months) ago.以及由after, before, when, while引导的的表示过去的时间状语。

b. 一般过去时可以用来表示现在的时间， 这主要用于日常会话，使用的语气较为婉转客气。如：

I wanted to ask if I could borrow your bike.

第十七课时 动词的时态（三）

教学重点

一般将来时 过去将来时

一般将来时

（1）一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow, next week, next month, in a few days, from now on。如

I’m going to visit the museum this Sunday.

I’ll be there in half an hour.

We’ll arrive tomorrow.

（2）一般将来时的构成

① be going to 动词原形。Be随主语人称和数的变化而变化，否定句在be后面加not, 疑问句是将be放到主语之后。例如：

It’s going to be fine tomorrow.

He isn’t going to speak at the meeting.

What are you going to do next?

② will 动词原形。Will可以和各种人称及数的主语连用。否定句在will后加not,缩写成won’t，疑问句需将will提至主语之前。例如：

We will have a basketball match next week.

Will you come to the party?

I son’t lend it to you.

③ shall 动词原形。此结构常用于主语为第人称I / we的句中，疑问句表示提建议或征求意见。如：

When and where shall we meet ?

Shall I turn on the TV ?

（3） 一般将来时的基本用法。

① “be going to 动词原形”表示“意图”，即打算、计划要做某事。如：

Are you going to post the letter ?

How long is he going to stay here ?

② “be going to 动词原形”还可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生的事。如：

There are a lot of clouds. It’s going to rain.

It’s 7:50. I’m going to be late.

③ “will 动词原形”表示客观上要发生的事或表示“带意愿色彩的将来”。如：

He will help you if you ask him.

They will come back tomorrow.

过去将来时

过去将来时表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。其结构与一般将来时类似，只需将助动词改为过去式。

am/ is/ are going to 动词原形→was/ were going to 动词原形

will 动词原形→ would 动词原形

should 动词原形 → should 动词原形

例如：

You knew I would come.

He asked me when he would see me again.

Jim said he was going to see his friend the next day.

第十八课时 动词的时态（四）

教学重点

现在进行时 过去进行时

1、现在进行时

（1）现在进行时表示现在或现阶段正在发生或进行的动作。它是由“be 动词的现在分词”构成。其否定句是在be之后加not。疑问句则将be提到主语之前。

（2） 现在分词的构成

（3）现在进行时的用法。

① 表示说话时正在进行的动作。如：

What are you doing ? Who are you waiting for ?

I’m cooking

② 表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定在进行。如：

He is working in a factory. She is translating look now.

③ 表示不断重复的动作。如：

The boy is always asking some strange questions.

The children are singing and dancing.

④ 表示位置移动的动词，可以用现在进行时表示将要发生的事。如go, come, leave, fly, start等。如：

When are you starting ? I’m leaving tomorrow.

2、过去进行时

过去进行时表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

过去进行时常和表示过去的时间状语连用。如：this time yesterday, at that time, then, last night, at 9:00 yesterday, all night等。其构成和现在进行时类似，只需将be变为相应的过去式：was/ were 动词-ing。如：

What were you doing this time yesterday ?

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

I was watching TV.

I was writing while my mother was cooking.

教学难点：

① 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生之后，另一个过去的动作正在进行。过去进行时也可用来表示过去一段时间内持续发生的动作。如：

When I was watering the garden, it began to rain.

当我在花园浇水时，突然下雨了。

While we were having a party, the lights went out.

② 过去进行时还可以表示两个过去的动作同时进行，这时可用连接词while引导。如：

George was reading while his wife was listening to the radio.

③ “was going 不定式”表示过去打算。如

He was going to be our team leader. 他原打算当我们的领队。

④ 过去进行时与一般过去的区别

过去进行时表示在过去一段时间正在进行的动作，而一般过去时表示一个完成的动作。如：

I was typing letters last night.

I typed some letters last night.

第十九课时 动词的时态（五）

教学重点

现在完成时（一）

现在完成时

（1）现在完成时表示某个动作发生在过去，但对现在有影响（或结果），这个动作或状态可能已经结束，也可能还要持续下去。

其构成形式是： have/ has 动词过去分词

否定句在have/ has 后加not→haven’t/ hasn’t

疑问句要将have/ has放到主语之前。

（2）现在完成时的用法。

① 表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。常用的时间状语有：already, yet, ever, never, just等。如：

I have already finished the work.

Have you ever been to Beijing?

He has never seen such a nice car.

② 表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。往往和表示一段时间的状语连用。如：

for 时间段；

since 时间点（表时间段）；时间段 ago；一般过去时态。如：

I have taught in this school for ten years.

I have taught in this school since ten years ago.

③ for和since引导的短语都表示“一段时间”，所以谓语动词应该用延续性动词，不能用非延续性动词。延续性动词表示该动词可以延续一段时间，如：live, work, study, teach, stay等，非延续性动词是指该动词所表示的动作不能持续，是短暂的、瞬间完成的，如：borrow, come, arrive, get, leave, die等。

许多非延续性动词可以用意思相同或相近的延续性动词来表示：

leave ---- be away from arrive ---- be in

go ---- be away come ---- be in / at finish ---- be over

buy ---- have borrow ---- keep die ---- be dead

join ---- be in/be a member of begin ---- be on

如：He has gone He has been away for an hour

I have bought a watch I have had the watch for several days

④ have/ has been to 和 have/ has gone to

have/ has been to ：曾去过

have/ has gone to ：已去，去了（不在说话现场，在途中或已经到达）

My mother has been to America. 我妈妈曾经去过美国

My mother has gone to America. 我妈妈已经去了美国

（3）现在完成时与一般过去时的用法比较

① 一般过去时只单纯表示过去，和现在不发生联系，它可以和确定的表示过去的时间状语连用。而现在完成时表示某一完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况，所以不能和确定的过去的时间状语连用。如：

We have visited the farm（现在对农场有所了解）

We visited the farm last week（说明上周参观农场这件事）

② 如果询问某事发生的时间、地点只能用一般过去时。如：

When did you lose your cat ?

I lost it last night. I found it in the garden.

第二十课时 动词的时态（六）

教学重点

现在完成时（二） 过去完成时

现在完成时难点：

① 由since引导的时间状语，它们的主句通常使用完成时态。

He has taught English since 1970.

It has been a long time since I last saw you.

② 只有在It is …since…这种结构中，主句的谓语才可用一般现在时，现在完成时或一般过去时。如：

It’s ten years since I left school.

It’s a long time since I saw you last.

③ 表示短暂性的动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，这类动词有：

begin, borrow, buy, close, come, die, fall, find, finish,

join, kill, lend, leave, sell, start, stop等，如：

不能说：His father has died for three years.

只能说：His father died three years ago.

不能说：He has left home for two months.

只能说：He left home two months ago.

④ 非延续性动词的否定形式可以表示状态的延续。可与for, since时间状语连用。如：

I haven’t seen him for a long time.

I haven’t heard from him since he left.

She hasn’t left home ever since she lost her job.

⑤ have(has) been 和have (has) gone的区别。

Have been to a place意思是“到过、去过”，表示曾到过某处，但现在人不在那儿；have gone to意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿。如：

Has she ever been to Nanjing ?

You have never been there before, have you?

I have been to Guilin, I went there last year.

总之，have been to讲的是过去的情况，强调去过或没有，着重于到目前为止的一个结果，而have gone to指现在人在不在，只用于第三人称，不用于第一、第二人称，不能用来代替have been to.

2、过去完成时

（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态。其结构是：had 动词过去分词。否定、疑问句同现在完成时一样。

（2）用法

① 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。如：

The meeting had begun when we got there.

He said he had seen the film.

② 表示某一动作在过去某一时间已经开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间，常与for或since引导的时间状语连用。如：

The film had been on for tem minutes when we got there.

She said that she had made much progress since she came here.

第二十一课时 动词时态的一致

教学重点

时态的一致

时态的一致主要是指在主从复合句中，主句与从句之间的时态一致通常主句的时态决定从句的时态。原则是：当主句是现在时与将来时，从句的谓语根据具体情况可以使用任何时态。但是，当主句谓语使用过去时，从句必须使用过去时态。如下表：

1、宾语从句和间接引语与主句的时态一致，符合上述原则。但如果宾语从句表示客观事实和真理，即使主句谓语用过去时，从句的谓语也应该使用一般现在时：如：

Our teacher told us a little knowledge is dangerous

我们老师告诉我们一知半解是危险的。

He said that light travels faster than sound.

他说光传播速度比声音快。

2、有些形容词后可以跟从句，这种从句常看成宾语从句，它的主、从句时态也符合上述原则。这些形容词有：afraid, glad, sure, sorry, certain, aware, confident, delighted, lucky, surprised, worried。如：

I’m sure that he will succeed.

3、主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句也要与主句的时态一致。如：

That is why he was late for school.

例题：

1. Miss Gao isn’t here. She _______ to the station to meet Mr Brown.

A. went B. has gone C. has been D. would go

2. ________ a letter from him since he left.

A. haven’t got B. didn’t receive C. didn’t have D. haven’t feel

3. When I came in, they______ games in the room.

A. were playing B. are playing C. played D. plays

4. Hurry up! The play ________ for ten minutes.

A. has begun B. had begun C. has been on D. began

,