for引导原因状语从句放句首(For句首因为含义时)

对于连词for(从属连词,或是并列连词)通常的说法是,for-分句只能位于第一个分句之后,for-分句通常是推测性理由,对前一分句的内容加以解释等。

这里只就for也可位于句首提供具体实例,说明for也可位于句首,提供解释——而解释上一句的原因或提供对上一句的补充说明。

——本内容看懂即可,而不需要目前参加中高考英语应试的学生主观应用。


第一:以下四本书讲的均是——for不可置于句首的情况:

《朗文英语语法》(L. G. 亚历山大编著) 第20页1.20.5 原因for

We rarely stay in hotels. We can’t afford it. 我们很少住宾馆。我们住不起。

We rarely stay in hotels, for we can’t afford it. 我们很少住宾馆,因为我们住不起。

for为所陈述的事说出原因。它与because不同,不能用于句首。在for后面,必须重复主语。for的这种用法在书面语言中较为常见。

《朗文A-Z英语语法大全》第189页3 for(连接词)表示“因为”

在书面语言中,for有时用作连接词,与because同义。当for处于下列情况时,可用来代替because:位于句中(而不是句首);位于从句前。

I decided to interview everyone, for they all had a different opinion.

(仅用于书面语)我决定采访每个人,因为他们都有不同的观点。

《牛津英语语法要点精讲》第483页 作“因为”解的for文学色彩较浓。

The cause of the accident is unclear, for there are many factors involved.

事故的原因不详,因为涉及的因素很多。

作此解的for永远放在主句后面。

《牛津英语用法指南》(第三版)第104页3 for

for引出的是新信息,但它暗示所给的原因是后来想到的。

for从句几乎可以放在括号里,且从不放在句首,也不能单独成句。

for的这种用法,在正式的书面语中最为多见。

I decided to stop and have lunch—for I was feeling hungry.

我决定停下来吃饭——因为我觉得饿了。


第二:以下三条是讲——for可以置于句首的情形:

《英语词语用法详解词典》第406for词条6

有时也可以见到for位于句首,用来提供对上文的因果解释。例如:

The angles are equal. For ABC is isosceles. 两角相等,因为三角形ABC是等腰的。

We must wait. For there is no choice. 我们必须等待,因为没有别的选择了。

for引导原因状语从句放句首(For句首因为含义时)(1)

《英汉大词典》(陆谷孙主编 第二版)第726页for词条

for conj. 因为,由于…的缘故(注意:较because正式,少用于口语中,但语气比because若,不用以回答why问题,可在句首用以提供对上文的因果解释)

Something fell in, for I heard a splash. 有东西掉进去了,因我听到扑通一声。

The angles are equal. For ABC is isosceles. 两角相等,因为三角形ABC是等腰的。

《文馨当代英汉词典》第734页for词条

作为conj.的for为对等连接词,用以引导附带的说明文句,以表达既述事情的理由,其所引导的从句置于句中的后半或中间,而其前面通常有一个逗点或分号;此为(文)的用法,口语通常用because, as等。

for conj.既为对等连接词,其所引导的句子可置于句子的后半,有时亦可独立,自成一句:

He stayed at home, for it was raining hard.

=He stayed at home. For it was raining hard. (他留在家里,因为雨下得很大。)

for引导原因状语从句放句首(For句首因为含义时)(2)

《新编高级英语语法》(章振邦主编)第501页

because与连词for同义,都既能表示因果关系,也能对所陈述的情况提供补充说明。表示因果关系时,because和for可以替换使用。例如:

He could not have seen me, for/because I was not there.

She was not helpless, for/because she had money of her own.

The old lady doesn’t go out in the winter, for/because she feels the cold a great deal.

The ground is wet, for/because it rained last night.

只是for-分句的位置固定在主句之前,而because-分句的位置却比较灵活。

还有,because-分句的使用率较高,不拘语体都可使用,而for-分句却只用于正式语体;当because和for表示补充说明时,两种分句都只能位于主句之后,所不同的只是for-分句限于正式语体。例如:

It will rain, for/because the barometer is falling.

It is morning, for/because the birds are singing.

It was not yet daylight, for/because the candle was still burning.

They apparently have a good drainage system, for/because the streets never seem to flood after a downpour. (暴雨之后街道从不淹水,说明它们排水系统好。)

除语体和位置外,作为原因状语,for-分句和because-分句还有以下区别:

because-分句可以单独回答why-分句,而for-分句不可以。例如:

A: Why are you so busy?

B: Because there is such a lot to be done.

但不可以说:For there is a lot to be done.

作为原因状语,because-分句之前可带并列连词或强调词,而for-分句不可以。例如:

The doctor looks tired and sleepy simply because he sat up all night with the patient.

The doctor looks tired and sleepy not because he isn’t feeling well, but because he sat up all night with the patient.

连词for可以引导一个独立的句子,为上午陈述的情况说明原因或提供理由,而because通常引导从属分句,除用以回答why问句外,because-分句通常较少单独出现。例如:

When I saw her in the river, I was frightened. For at that point the current was dangerous.

2014年高考英语,安徽卷阅读理解C尾段

Some collectors say that they started or stopped making collections at important points: the beginning or end of adolescence—“it’s a growing-up thing; you stop when you grow up,” says one. Other painful times are mentioned, such as the end of a relationship. Fortime and life can seem so uncontrollable that a steady serial(顺序排列的)arrangement is comforting.

试译:

有些收藏者说他们都会在重要时刻开始或停止收藏——青春期的开始或结束。一个收藏者说:“收藏其实就是个有关成长的问题,长大后就不再收藏了。”其他令人痛苦的时刻也有人提及:比如一段友谊的结束。因为时间和生活可能会让人看起来很难控制,以至于一种有序的整理多少会让人有所宽慰。


for引导原因状语从句放句首(For句首因为含义时)(3)

《新概念英语》(1993年5月第1版)第四册Lesson40 Themes and Variations

Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources. In most parts of the world, the relation between population and resources is already unfavourable and will probably become even more unfavourable in the future. This growing poverty in the midst of growing poverty constitutes a permanent menace to peace. And not only to peace, but also to democratic institutions and personal liberty. For overpopulation is not compatible with freedom.An unfavourable relationship between numbers and resources tends to make the earning of a living almost intolerably difficult.

相对应的汉语:

各地人口的增减不仅是彼此间有相对关系,也关系到自然资源。在世界的大多数地区,人口与资源间关系已显得不利,也许在将来会变得更糟。在日益贫困的状态中越来越贫困构成了对和平的持久威胁。它不但威胁和平,还威胁着民主制度和自由,因为人口过剩是与自由相悖的。人口与资源间的不利关系往往使得赚钱谋生成为极端艰难。

当然,我们见到更多的是:主句 逗号 for 从句——这个结构。

2017年7月9日

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