英语外刊怎么看懂（读外刊科学学英语）

本文节选自2021年12月1日的《科学》（SCIENCE ADVANCES Vol 7, Issue 49），异种皮肤移植通过激活的Trem2 巨噬细胞促进血管生成和组织再生。

Xenogeneic skin transplantation promotes angiogenesis and tissue regeneration through activated Trem2 macrophages

异种皮肤移植通过激活的Trem2 巨噬细胞促进血管生成和组织再生

Skin allo- and xenotransplantation are the standard treatment for major burns when donor sites for autografts are not available.

当自体移植供体部位不可用时，同种异体和异种皮肤移植是严重烧伤的标准治疗方法。

The relationship between the immune response to foreign grafts and their impact on wound healing has not been fully elucidated.

对外来移植物的免疫反应及其对伤口愈合的影响之间的关系尚未完全阐明。

Here, we investigated changes in collagen architecture after xenogeneic implantation of human biologic scaffolds.

在这里，我们研究了异种植入人体生物支架后胶原结构的变化。

We show that collagen deposition in response to the implantation of human split-thickness skin grafts (hSTSGs) containing live cells recapitulates normal skin architecture, whereas human acellular dermal matrix (ADM) grafts led to a fibrotic collagen deposition.

我们表明，植入含有活细胞的人分裂厚度皮肤移植物后，胶原沉积恢复正常皮肤结构，而人脱细胞真皮基质移植物导致纤维化胶原沉积。

We show that macrophage differentiation in response to hSTSG implantation is driven toward regenerative Trem2 subpopulations and found that hydrogel delivery of these cells significantly accelerated wound closure.

我们表明，巨噬细胞对hSTSG植入的反应分化被驱动向再生的Trem2 亚群，并发现这些细胞的水凝胶递送显著加速了伤口闭合。

Our study identifies the preclinical therapeutic potential of Trem2 macrophages to mitigate fibrosis and promote wound healing, providing a novel effective strategy to develop advanced cell therapies for complex wounds.

我们的研究确定了Trem2 巨噬细胞减轻纤维化和促进伤口愈合的临床前治疗潜力，为开发复杂伤口的先进细胞疗法提供了一种新的有效策略。

重点词汇

xenogeneic异种的；异基因的

xenotransplantation异种移植

standard treatment标准待遇；规范治疗；标准处理

autografts同体移植物（如皮肤、组织等）；（autograft的复数）

grafts移植；嫁接；贪污；(graft的第三人称单数)；渎职；(graft的复数)

wound healing伤口愈合；创面愈合；创伤愈合

elucidated阐明；解释；（elucidate的过去式和过去分词）

scaffolds脚手架；支架；断头台；（scaffold的复数）

acellular无细胞的；非细胞的；单细胞的

fibrotic纤维化的；[医]纤维变性的

For more than 50 years, transplantation of unmatched human skin grafts has been the clinical standard of care for major burn wounds when autologous skin grafts are not available because of the extent of the burn injury.

50多年来，当由于烧伤的程度而无法获得自体皮肤移植物时，移植无与伦比的人类皮肤移植物一直是治疗严重烧伤的临床标准。

Although the cellular elements of unmatched grafts are rejected by the host, extracellular matrix (ECM) elements integrate into the wound bed and are potentially beneficial to wound healing in patients with burnsand chronic wounds.

尽管不匹配的移植物的细胞成分被宿主排斥，但细胞外基质(ECM)成分整合到伤口床中，并对烧伤和慢性伤口患者的伤口愈合具有潜在的益处。

In mice, it has been shown that the implantation of xenogeneic dermal scaffolds does not induce a strong inflammatory response but has a strong impact on macrophage polarization, potentially inducing regenerative phenotypes.

在小鼠中，已经表明异种真皮支架的植入不会诱导强烈的炎症反应，但是对巨噬细胞极化有强烈的影响，潜在地诱导再生表型。

重点词汇

unmatched不相配的；不配对的；无与伦比的

grafts移植；嫁接；贪污；(graft的第三人称单数)；渎职；(graft的复数)

burn wounds烧伤创面；烧伤伤口；烧烫伤创面

extracellular matrix细胞外基质

integrate into整合到；融入；集成到

wound healing伤口愈合；创面愈合；创伤愈合

xenogeneic异种的；异基因的

dermal真皮的；皮肤的

scaffolds脚手架；支架；断头台；（scaffold的复数）

phenotypes显型；外表型；（phenotype的复数）

Macrophages are a heterogeneous and highly plastic cell population and believed to be critical mediators of the cellular response during all stages of soft tissue injury.

巨噬细胞是一种异质性和高度可塑性的细胞群，被认为是软组织损伤所有阶段细胞反应的关键介质。

Traditional classification systems of macrophages describe “classically activated” M1 macrophages, dominating the acute inflammation stage after injury, and “alternatively activated” M2 macrophages, which are thought to be involved in reparative processes of soft tissue remodeling.

巨噬细胞的传统分类系统描述了“经典激活”的M1巨噬细胞，在损伤后的急性炎症阶段占主导地位，以及“交替激活”的M2巨噬细胞，它们被认为参与软组织重塑的修复过程。

These classifications, however, were derived from in vitro studies and have been shown to insufficiently characterize the broad spectrum of macrophage phenotypes found in physiologic and pathologic conditions in vivo.

然而，这些分类来源于体外研究，并已被证明不足以表征在体内生理和病理条件下发现的广谱巨噬细胞表型。

Implantation of both synthetic and biological materials induces specific tissue microenvironments that likely drive macrophage subpopulations.

合成和生物材料的植入诱导可能驱动巨噬细胞亚群的特定组织微环境。

Synthetic materials commonly instigate a proinflammatory response, whereas biological grafts can induce regenerative macrophage subpopulations, potentially suppressing the development of fibrosis by producing arginase 1 (ARG1), resistin-like molecule-α (RELMα), and interleukin-10 (IL-10).

合成材料通常引发促炎反应，而生物移植物可以诱导再生巨噬细胞亚群，通过产生精氨酸酶1 (ARG1)、抵抗素样分子-α (RELMα)和白细胞介素-10 (IL-10)潜在地抑制纤维化的发展。

To add to the complexity, other studies have suggested a profibrotic role for “M2” macrophages because of their ability to stimulate fibroblast differentiation into myofibroblasts.

更复杂的是，其他研究表明“M2”巨噬细胞具有促纤维化作用，因为它们能够刺激成纤维细胞分化为肌成纤维细胞。

Collectively, these findings indicate that the impact of macrophage heterogeneity on the process of wound repair and tissue fibrosis remains incompletely understood.

总的来说，这些发现表明巨噬细胞异质性对伤口修复和组织纤维化过程的影响仍不完全清楚。

重点词汇

be critical至关重要；十分关键

soft tissue injury软组织损伤；软组织外伤；软组织损害

classically古典主义地；拟古地

dominating支配；统治；（dominate的现在分词）；独裁的；专横的；主要的；统治的

reparative赔偿的；修缮的；弥补的；修理的

insufficiently不够地；不能胜任地

broad spectrum广谱；宽光谱

macrophage巨噬细胞

phenotypes显型；外表型；（phenotype的复数）

physiologic生理的；生理学的

Here, we examine the impact of clinically used human biologic scaffolds on the innate immune response and wound healing over time in a murine model.

在这里，我们研究了在鼠模型中临床使用的人类生物支架对先天免疫反应和伤口愈合随时间的影响。

Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we show that macrophage polarization in response to cellular human split-thickness skin grafts (hSTSGs) is driven toward a distinct subpopulation characterized by a high expression of the lipid receptor Trem2 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells) as well as proangiogenic and antifibrotic gene expression profiles.

使用单细胞RNA测序(scRNA-seq)，我们表明巨噬细胞极化对细胞人类分裂厚度皮肤移植物(hSTSGs)的反应被驱动向一个独特的亚群，其特征是脂质受体Trem2(髓样细胞上表达的触发受体)的高表达以及促血管生成和抗纤维化基因表达谱。

We then confirmed that vitamin D (VD) signaling drives clonal proliferation of myeloid cells during skin healing using myeloid cell–specific Cre-mediated recombination in a multicolor reporter mouse model.

然后，我们在多色报告小鼠模型中使用骨髓细胞特异性Cre介导的重组证实了维生素D (VD)信号传导在皮肤愈合过程中驱动骨髓细胞的克隆增殖。

Last, we developed an approach to induce regenerative Trem2 transcriptomic programs in vitro by treating bone marrow (BM)–derived macrophages with vitamin D3 (VD3; 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) and showed that Trem2 macrophages significantly accelerate the healing of murine full-thickness excisional wounds.

最后，我们开发了一种方法，通过用维生素D3(VD3；1，25-二羟基胆钙化醇)，并显示Trem2 巨噬细胞显著加速小鼠全层切除伤口的愈合。

重点词汇

biologic生物学的；生物的

scaffolds脚手架；支架；断头台；（scaffold的复数）

innate天生的；生来的；先天的；天赋的

wound healing伤口愈合；创面愈合；创伤愈合

macrophage巨噬细胞

grafts移植；嫁接；贪污；(graft的第三人称单数)；渎职；(graft的复数)

subpopulation（从其他人口分出或构成总人口的）分组人口

myeloid骨髓的；脊髓的；骨髓性的

clonal[生]无性（繁殖）系的；无性（繁殖）系般的

multicolor五彩缤纷的；多色的；多色

Trem2 macrophages have previously been shown to be involved in lipid metabolism and the regulation of hair follicle stem cell activity, pointing to an important role in skin regeneration.

Trem2 巨噬细胞先前已被证明参与脂质代谢和毛囊干细胞活性的调节，表明其在皮肤再生中的重要作用。

Moreover, the regenerative action of Trem2 macrophages has been previously corroborated in other organ systems, such as during colonic mucosal healing or liver regeneration where Trem2 macrophages promote regenerative endothelial cell differentiation.

此外，Trem2 巨噬细胞的再生作用先前已经在其他器官系统中得到证实，例如在结肠粘膜愈合或肝脏再生期间，其中Trem2 巨噬细胞促进再生内皮细胞分化。

Variants in the Trem2 locus are associated with early-onset Alzheimer’s disease in humans, related to a reduced clearance of extracellular amyloid β–containing plaques due to an impaired function of microglia within the brain.

Trem2基因座的变异与人类早发性阿尔茨海默病相关，这与大脑内小胶质细胞功能受损导致细胞外含淀粉样β蛋白斑块清除减少有关。

In mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, enhancement of Trem2 signaling using agonistic antibodies has recently shown beneficial effects on cognitive function through attenuation of neuroinflammation and improved plaque clearance within the brain.

在阿尔茨海默病的小鼠模型中，使用激动性抗体增强Trem2信号最近显示出通过减轻神经炎症和改善大脑内斑块清除对认知功能的有益效果。

The accelerated healing rates after enrichment of the wound bed with Trem2 macrophages that we observed in our study might be due to a more efficient phagocytosis of dead cells and debris within the wound.

我们在研究中观察到的伤口床富含Trem2 巨噬细胞后愈合速度加快可能是由于伤口内死亡细胞和碎片被更有效地吞噬。

Moreover, proangiogenic growth factors secreted by Trem2 macrophages may improve vascularization and oxygen supply required for wound healing.

此外，Trem2 巨噬细胞分泌的促血管生成生长因子可以改善伤口愈合所需的血管形成和氧气供应。

重点词汇

hair follicle毛囊；毛发毛囊

corroborated证实；（corroborate的过去式）

colonic结肠的；影响结肠的；灌肠

endothelial cell内皮细胞

variants变体；变种；变量；（variant的复数）

locus位置；点；地点；轨迹；抽象事物的中心；位点

amyloid淀粉样蛋白

plaques血小板；（plaque的复数）

microglia小神经胶质

agonistic好辩的；好斗的；对抗的；兴奋剂的；用作兴奋剂的

Our study uncovers the molecular background driving the long observed beneficial effects of unmatched skin transplantation on wound healing. We demonstrate the preclinical therapeutic potential of Trem2 macrophages to mitigate fibrosis and promote wound healing.

我们的研究揭示了推动长期观察到的无与伦比的皮肤移植对伤口愈合的有益作用的分子背景。我们证明了Trem2 巨噬细胞在减轻纤维化和促进伤口愈合方面的临床前治疗潜力。

We show that regenerative Trem2 macrophages can be externally derived from BM cells in vitro using VD3 and then exogenously applied to wounds as a cell-based therapy.

我们表明，再生的Trem2 巨噬细胞可以在体外使用VD3从骨髓细胞中获得，然后作为一种基于细胞的疗法外源性地应用于伤口。

重点词汇

uncovers揭开；揭露

unmatched不相配的；不配对的；无与伦比的

wound healing伤口愈合；创面愈合；创伤愈合

preclinical临床前的；临床实习前的；临症前期的；临床使用前的

mitigate使温和；使缓和；减轻

fibrosis纤维化；纤维变性

healing治愈；（heal的现在分词形式）；痊愈；有治疗功用的；康复；复原

regenerative再生的；更生的；再生式制动的；反馈式制动的

externally外表上；外部地

wounds伤口；（wound的复数）；使受伤；（wound的第三人称单数）；受伤，伤害

Our approach to induce Trem2 macrophages and deliver them to the wound bed using hydrogels provides a novel, effective strategy with a high potential for clinical translation.

我们诱导Trem2 巨噬细胞并使用水凝胶将它们递送到伤口床的方法提供了一种新的、有效的策略，具有很高的临床转化潜力。

In the clinic, myeloid cells can be readily obtained in high quantities from the peripheral blood using clinically established cell apheresis and culture protocols, stimulated to differentiate into Trem2 phenotypes with VD3, and easily integrated with the current standard of care to improve wound healing after injury.

在临床上，使用临床建立的细胞分离和培养方案，可以容易地从外周血中大量获得髓样细胞，用VD3刺激其分化为Trem2表型，并且容易与当前的护理标准相结合，以改善损伤后的伤口愈合。

重点词汇

induce劝使；引诱；导致；致使；引起；引产；引起流产；归纳出；感应；感生

high potential高潜力；高潜能；高电位

myeloid骨髓的；脊髓的；骨髓性的

readily毫不犹豫地；毫不勉强地；乐意地；欣然地；容易地；迅速地；无困难地；不拖延地

clinically临床医学地；临床地；冷静高效地；实用地；干净地

apheresis词首音脱落；单采血液成分法；提取法；分离性输血

stimulated鼓舞；激励；刺激；（stimulate的过去式和过去分词）；起刺激作用；起促进作用；受到刺激的；受到鼓舞的

differentiate区别；区分；变异；变化；求…的微分；辨别；使不同；使有差别

phenotypes显型；外表型；（phenotype的复数）

wound healing伤口愈合；创面愈合；创伤愈合

基于多年的语言学习实践，发现，随着社会的飞速发展，英语、汉语等重要语言也在不断的与时俱进。这个时候，我们以不变应万变的方法之一，可以是阅读主流刊物。

针对英语而言，无论是为了提高英语水平还是备考任何英语考试，英美外刊都应该是列为首选的最重要的学习资料。当我们真正深入去精读过英美外刊，不仅可以了解英语国家的文化，增长我们的见识，对于英语学习来说，还能够积累以英语为母语者的常用词汇，短语和句型。

建议大家在阅读本文时：第一遍快速阅读，领悟文章重点，了解大意；第二遍开始精读，每看完一段，要仔细体会其中每一句在段落中的功能，各句之间的联系，这一段是如何衔接上下文的，它在整个语篇中的地位，以提高你猜测词义和推理上下文能力；第三遍可以查看中英翻译，继续从微观到宏观地理解原文，学会区分重点和次要信息（这对考试时的阅读非常重要），总结词汇，搭配和句型，并且最好独自翻译一遍原文，以进一步加强理解。

最后建议大家要学以致用，利用从文章中学到的词汇，搭配，句型以及长难句结构进行造句，提高英文写作能力。

学习路径建议：金句记忆——关键词学习——拓展词汇训练——触类旁通——举一反三。

温馨提示：阅读完看着中文译文自己动手翻译出英文，然后将您译的英文与原文进行对比，以此来提升英文表达和句子结构的准确性和地道性。

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