英语可数名词的变化规则(Ruth老师简明英语语法讲解)

英语中,名词可分为普通名词(Common Noun)和专有名词(Proper Noun)两大类,下面我们就来说一说关于英语可数名词的变化规则?我们一起去了解并探讨一下这个问题吧!

英语可数名词的变化规则(Ruth老师简明英语语法讲解)

英语可数名词的变化规则

普通名词和专有名词

英语中,名词可分为普通名词(Common Noun)和专有名词(Proper Noun)两大类。

普通名词通常可被冠词限定、被形容词修饰,例如:

She was reading a book.

She is a very good student.

专有名词则包括:a.人名(含头衔、人所赋给特定物体的名称) b.地名(含国家、城市、景点) c.日期(含星期、月份、节日),其首字母应大写,例:

I was born in China.

The Titanic sank in 1912.

Today is the National Day.

My best friend is called Xiaoming.

可数名词和不可数名词

英语的名词有可数不可数countable or uncountable)的区分,可数名词可以被单独地、清楚地、分割地计数(Countable nouns can be individually counted),不可数名词反之。

可数名词

不可数名词

“A”, “An”, “Some”, “any”或数字可用与可数名词一起使用

Eg:

There is a book.

There are three books.

There are some books

Did you buy any apples?

可数名词可与many及few连用

Eg:

How many languages can you speak?

I have a few things to do.

不可数名词可与Some, any一起使用

Eg:

There is some milk/water/sugar/spaghetti.

Did you buy any apple juice?

We listened to some music.

I ate some pasta.

He always eats some chocolate before lunch.

不可数名词可与much及little连用

Eg:

Our flat don’t have much space.

He doesn’t have much patience.

I have a little work to do.

不可数名词可与a…of形式连用

Eg:

four bags of sugar.

a bowl of rice.

一些语法教材认为,可以通过思考一个名词是抽象的具体的Abstract noun or concrete noun)来大致判断其是否可数。但这种分法常常很模糊,且欠缺语法意涵(Some grammars distinguish 'abstract' and ‘concrete' nouns. However, this is not a very useful distinction, and it has no grammatical importance.)。所以我们这里采取如下办法:罗列常见不可数名词类别并举例,建立意义边界后便可以反推何谓可数名词。

常见不可数名词门类:

(1)不可分的物质

a. 无法分的物质:液体、液态

water, oil, gasoline, coffee, juice, mud, petrol, soup, blood, tea, wine, cream, yogurt, lava

b. 通常被视为整体的物质:肉、金属块、固态化的液体

meat, poultry(禽肉), fish(鱼肉), lamb(羊羔肉), mutton(羊肉), beef(牛肉), cheese, metal, gold, silver, iron, ice, butter, salad, chalk, paper(纸张,若作“论文”、“卷纸”讲,则可数), coal, bread

(注:pasta, spaghetti意面被认为种类繁杂、形态各异,因而作整体观,不可数;而noodle意为a long thin strip of pasta,“一条面”,因而可数,且常用复数形式。

c. 气体

air, gas, smoke, oxygen, vapor, stream, fog

d. 通常被认为是由众多细小物质或剪不断理还乱的物质聚合而成

salt, sugar, snow, hair, grass, sand, rain, rice, wheat, corn, flour

(2)作为“总称”的名词

a. 学科的总称

math(数学), philology(语文学), science, chemistry

b. 其他总称

·其总括的对象是相对实在的fruit, money, furniture, homework, luggage, equipment, conveyance(交通工具,同traffic), weaponry, clothing

·其总括的对象是相对抽象character(性格,若作“字”讲,则可数), music, data, scenery, poetry, art, love, time, work, information, energy, health, patience, happiness, dignity, behavior, education, traffic(交通), news(注,指代特定新闻用 the piece of news或the news term)

“总称”本身具有一定抽象性与概括性,这就意味着,总称往往包含相应的具体的可数的事物,例:

Countable

Uncountable

dollar

money

song

music

suitcase

luggage

table

furniture

battery

electricity

bottle

wine

report

information

tip

advice

journey

travel

job

work

view

scenery

rainstorm

weather

poem

poetry

英语是一门极看重语境的语言,一些不可数名词在特定语境下,可作可数名词使用,这种情况常伴随着词义的转移,例:

Countable

Uncountable

He made a noise just now. (just now刚才,从而使这里的noise特指刚刚那一阵吵闹,故而可数)

How much noise is there near the airport?(泛指嘈杂,不可数)

I bought a paper to read. (read表明这里的paper是一张报纸,可数)

I want a clean toilet with some paper. (卫生纸,不可数)

The police found two hairs there. (根据语境,这里的two hairs指警方在搜集证据时找到的两根头发,是特定的,可数)

You’ve got very long hair. (泛指头上全部hair,剪不断理还乱,不可数)

Nothing can erase from her mind the memory of the terrible experiences in her travel to Africa. (特指在非洲的经历,可数)

I was offered the job because I had a

lot of experience. (指经验,不可数)

Enjoy your trip, have a good time! (指特定的旅行时光,可数)

I have been there a few times.(特定过去一段时间,可数)

I can’t wait. I don’t have time. (泛指时间,不可数)

He has had many successes. (特指有过的一些成就,可数)

Hard work leads to success. (泛指抽象成功,不可数)

I like foods like milk, eggs, meat. (指代后文具体的食物种类,可数)

People need food for energy. (泛指食物,不可数)

Shakespeare’s complete works. (指代莎翁全部作品,可数)

She does good work. (泛指工作,不可数)

It has some great qualities. (指特征、品质,可数)

It has a reputation for quality. (泛指质量,不可数)

We learned several new skills. (指特定的一些技能,可数)

It takes skill to do that job. (指“工夫”,辛苦,不可数)

The city has a great mix of cultures. (指几种不同种类的文化,可数)

The museum is filled with culture. (泛指文化,如历史、艺术等,不可数)

There is a range of abilities in class. (指代能力的等级,可数)

She has great ability in writing. (泛指能力,不可数)(She has a ability to write.)

相应地,当与表数量质量的含义(quantity or mass)相勾连时,可数名词也可用如不可数名词,例:

We've got another ten metres of wall to paint.

I've got too much nose and not enough chin.

根据上文的讲解与举例,我们发现,语境的不同很大程度决定了单词的可数与否。而在以后的讲解中,我们将进一步发掘“语境”对英语这门语言的重大意义,从而我们可以逐渐认识到,只有当“联系上下文”成为了自己品读英文文本的习惯性步骤时,才算得上是找到了英语学习的捷径。

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