有特点的古建（寓意深厚的古建文化）

本期编辑/上海雅舍辛乙堂

Yashe Studio

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在历史的长河中浩浩荡荡的出现了一批又一批英雄人物，名人将士；中国传统的文化博大精深，涌现出了一批批又一批批的非遗物质，文化遗产。各朝各代的衣服，瓷器，家居首饰等等，这些中国特有的传统文化，从古代传到给了现代，华夏子孙，独属于中国的传统文化，在世界文化中独树一帜，别具风格。

In the long river of history, there have been a great number of heroes, famous soldiers and men; The Chinese traditional culture is broad and profound, and batch after batch of intangible cultural heritage and cultural heritage have emerged... It is simple and profound.

在这些中国的传统文化中有一种文化，它古朴深厚，以厚厚的土层沙粒组成了一道道城墙，以它的红砖瓦砾传承着中国传统的建筑之美，把中国的古建筑传统文化运得更深远流长。

It forms city walls with thick soil layers and sand grains, inherits the beauty of Chinese traditional architecture with its red bricks and rubbles, and carries the traditional culture of Chinese ancient architecture to a more profound and lasting level.

古代的中国建筑与我们如今不同，古代的建筑，它在当时有着很明确的分级制度，在古代的礼法礼仪中。对于不同的建筑，它所代表的不同含义，在建筑使用的材料，规模，方格等方面也是有详细的划分的，不像我们现代的建筑纯粹只是为了艺术， 古代的中国建筑，它是有很鲜明的严格等级制度。

The ancient Chinese architecture is different from what we have now. The ancient architecture had a very clear grading system at that time, which was in the ancient etiquette. For different buildings, they represent different meanings. They are also divided in detail in terms of materials, scales, squares, etc. used in buildings. Unlike our modern architecture, which is purely for art, ancient Chinese architecture has a very clear strict hierarchy.

一、古建筑的五部曲

中国大户人家的房子可以有楼亭，水榭，厢房等，在皇宫中又有了宫、殿、亭、台、坛、廊、厢等设计建筑，这些不同的设计建筑别具一格。 但这些建筑中他们还是以五样为主要基调，分别是屋顶，脊兽，开间，斗拱，台基地，彩画。

The houses of large Chinese families can have pavilions, waterside pavilions, wing rooms, etc. In the imperial palace, there are also palaces, halls, pavilions, platforms, altars, corridors, chambers, etc. These different design buildings are unique. But in these buildings, they still take five main themes, namely roof, ridge beast, bay, dougong, platform base and color painting.

中国古代建筑的屋顶都是一条向两边很横向发展的屋脊，屋顶上方比较宽宽正正，但是两角又分别向上翘起，这称之为正脊。 屋顶它们又分为各式各样的款式，又分为歇山式顶，悬山式顶，硬山式顶等等。 这些屋檐的层次段落鲜明，因为它们的段落不同，也显得中国屋顶的建筑极富层次美。

The roof of ancient Chinese buildings is a ridge that develops laterally on both sides. The upper part of the roof is wide and upright, but the two corners rise up respectively, which is called the ridge. The roofs are also divided into various styles, including Xieshan roof, Hanging mountain roof, Hard mountain roof, etc...

但这些不同款式的山顶式也有规定的， 比方说歇山式的屋顶形式，它只能为王宫所用，以此来显示皇权的集中，来显示皇亲的尊贵。 普通平民百姓就普遍运用悬山屋顶式来作为设计。这种设计，它的坚定比较尖利如同亭台，塔等建筑。

However, these different styles of mountaintop style also have provisions. For example, the Xieshan style roof can only be used by the palace to show the concentration of imperial power and the dignity of the royal family. Ordinary people generally use the overhanging mountain roof as a design. This design is firm and sharp, like pavilions, towers and other buildings.

欣赏古代建筑史，还有一个鲜明的特点，就是皇宫它们的屋顶上方有雕饰着一排排的脊兽。这一排排的脊兽它也是有寓意的，它上面雕刻的不是一般的动物，都是中国传统的古代动物，极富尊贵意义。 这些动物大多源自于中国的传统神话故事，这些神兽它可以说赋予了古代人民的美好愿望，比如龙，凤凰，虬龙等这些神兽。

Another distinctive feature of appreciating the history of ancient architecture is that the roofs of the imperial palaces are decorated with rows of ridge animals. This row and row of ridge animals also have a moral meaning. The animals carved on them are not ordinary animals, but traditional ancient Chinese animals, which are very noble...

凤凰，我们经常听到有凤凰重生涅槃这些成语，龙有二龙戏珠这些， 而且龙经常是代表皇帝，凤凰又经常代表的是皇后，极富高贵与尊贵。说这些神兽，它真的是极具象征意义，体现了皇权的尊贵 。

Phoenix, we often hear such idioms as phoenix rebirth, nirvana, dragon playing with two dragons, dragon often represents the emperor, phoenix often represents the queen, which is very noble and noble. Speaking of these mythical beasts, they are really symbolic, reflecting the dignity of imperial power.

开间 的意思就比较简单，古代建筑是以间为基本单位，柱子跟柱子之间是叫一个开间，而皇宫建筑它就比较多间，普通的平民百姓就比较少间，其实就是看你的房间数量有多少，建筑物的越高贵，它的开间也就越多，相应的它的地位更崇高。

The meaning of bay is relatively simple. In ancient architecture, the basic unit is bay. The space between columns is called a bay, while in palace architecture, there are more rooms, and ordinary civilians have fewer rooms. In fact, it depends on the number of rooms. The more noble the building, the more bays it has, and the corresponding higher its status.

斗拱就是古代建筑的横梁，你的拱与拱之间垫的那块方形木块叫做斗，而那柱顶上一层层的弓形的结构拱，如果你的斗拱越高越多，那么你这个建筑也就越尊贵。 台基用我们现代话说就是楼梯。不过中国传统建筑的台阶，不像我们现在家用的楼梯，看北京故宫的那个楼梯，它就非常的宏伟健大。他的台阶非常的多，而且他台上还镶有很多的花纹，甚至还拥有了很多名贵的材料，有汉白玉，这些非常的显高大上。

The dou arch is the beam of ancient buildings. The square wooden block between your arch and the arch is called dou, and the layers of arched structural arches on the top of the column. If your dou arch is higher and more, your building will be more noble...

彩画顾名思义就是古建筑身上的的彩色图案，他们的图案是非常的艳丽多彩的，而且他们的构思也非常的巧妙，请的都是那些顶级的画工。他们应用他们的智慧在上面雕刻出不一样的图案，甚至还有一些高级的技法，极具欣赏价值，而且他们用的颜料也是非常的昂贵。

As the name implies, color painting is the color pattern of ancient buildings. Their patterns are very colorful, and their ideas are very ingenious. All of them are top painters. They use their wisdom to carve different patterns on it, and even have some advanced techniques, which are highly appreciated, and the pigments they use are also very expensive.

皇宫自然不说，他们的颜料都是非常顶级的，而且有些他们还在每个宫殿的花纹图册上，又别出心裁的分出了地方地方特色的花式图案 。色彩等级也是很鲜明的，金色跟红色是最尊贵的颜色，而黑色，灰色就是最低贱的颜色 。

The imperial palace naturally doesn't say that their pigments are very top grade, and some of them are also on the pattern atlas of each palace, and they have ingeniously separated the fancy patterns with local characteristics. The color level is also very bright. Gold and red are the most noble colors, while black and gray are the lowest colors.

二、建筑三标准：实用性，美观性，寓意性

说到建筑，人们评判建筑是否有意义有三个标准：实用，美观，寓意。 它最大的作用就是可以为人遮风挡雨，而这就是实用性，在实用性之后呢，建筑的发展，人们又会强调要增加美感，这个就称为美观性，这些美感它的背后设计的图案，它又赋予了不同的寓意。

When it comes to architecture, people have three criteria to judge whether a building is meaningful: practical, beautiful and moral. Its biggest function is to protect people from wind and rain, which is practicality. After practicality, people will emphasize the need to increase aesthetic feeling in the development of architecture, which is called aesthetics. The design behind these aesthetic feelings gives different meanings.

中国古代建筑他们所用的材料，肯定没我们现代的这般产品那么丰富，但是俗话说， 一个建筑最重要的价值就是可以为人遮风挡雨，而建筑它的实用性确实就是体现在此，一个建筑能为一个人提供一个家，可以让人不用遭受冷风的侵袭，也不用遭受狂风暴雨的击打，可以让人在一个温暖的地方舒适居住 。

The materials used in ancient Chinese architecture are certainly not as rich as our modern products. But as the saying goes, the most important value of a building is to protect people from the wind and rain, and its practicality is really reflected here. A building can provide a home for a person, so that people do not have to be attacked by cold wind or be hit by heavy rain, It allows people to live comfortably in a warm place.

基础得到保障之后呢，人们才有更多的时间与精力去想怎么样把这些建筑变得漂亮。 而正是如此，后来我们看到中国古代的建筑，他们在设计上也是颇具心得，也展现了中国古人的智慧，他们在上面的花纹秀客色彩搭配上面也是极具出彩。

After the foundation is guaranteed, people have more time and energy to think about how to make these buildings beautiful. And that's exactly the case. Later, we saw the ancient Chinese architecture. They also had great experience in design, and also showed the wisdom of the ancient Chinese people. They were also very brilliant in the color matching of the pattern show.

上面所说的中国古代建筑的脊兽，色彩，房屋构建等，它们都是带有鲜明的政治意义，等级制度划分的非常明显，而且 他们的寓意性也比较的吉祥富贵，比如龙凤，狮子，天马等，都是向往着美好的寄托，劳动人民的美好愿望。

The above mentioned ridge animals, colors, house construction, etc. of ancient Chinese architecture are all of distinctive political significance. The hierarchy is very clear, and their implication is also relatively auspicious and rich. For example, the dragon and phoenix, the lion, the heavenly horse, etc. are all yearning for good sustenance and the good wishes of the working people.

三、“门槛”寓意

我们经常会听到一句话，就是这个人的门槛怎么那么高，这家公司的门槛怎么那么高？ 所谓的门槛它也是由中国古代建筑衍生而来的， 在古代封建意义比较浓厚，门槛他就成为了区分于富贵与贫贱的一个最重要的标准。

We often hear that the threshold of this person is so high, and the threshold of this company is so high? The so-called threshold is also derived from ancient Chinese architecture. It has a strong feudal significance in ancient times, and it has become the most important standard to distinguish between rich and poor.

门槛它虽然只是大门前的一块横木，但是别小看这个构件这个构件它其实是意义非凡的。豪门大户，门户之别，高门大户这些成语一听就是指的有钱人家。确实在古时候你越有钱越尊贵，你家的门就越大，而且他的门槛也就相应的越高，不是随便能够跨越的，穷苦人家他的门槛是非常非常低，甚至是没有。

Although the doorsill is just a crossbar in front of the gate, don't underestimate this component, which is actually of great significance. Rich families are different from each other. These idioms refer to rich families. It is true that in ancient times, the richer you were, the more noble you were, the larger your door was, and the higher his threshold was, which could not be easily crossed. The threshold for poor people was very, very low, or even non-existent.

只有达官贵人才有门槛，在材质的选择方面也是特别的注重的，平民商贾他们选用的都是普通的石头木质，而皇亲贵族他们多用的是带有香气的特殊木料，比如沉香木这一些，极具昂贵，这也体现了贫富差距非常的大。

Only high-ranking officials and nobles have a threshold, and they pay special attention to the selection of materials. Common stone and wood are used by common merchants, while special wood with fragrance is used by royal families and nobles, such as aloe wood, which is very expensive, which also reflects the huge gap between rich and poor.

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