语法名词笔记整理方法（兰桂姬九年英语语法1.0第3章）

一，代词分类总表（兰桂姬语言文化）：

代词分类总表（兰桂姬语言文化）

代词分类总表（兰桂姬语言文化）

二，人称代词的句法功能：

1. 主格作主语

①　He knows who I am(He和I作主语，I在任何位置都要大写，其他主格代词不需要)

2，宾格作宾语/表语

①　We know you love her(her作动词love的宾语）

②　Who loves her？-It's me(me是表语)

3，如代词和名词指代相同，常用主格/宾格可作同位语（不用物主代词）

①　Our chinese people are friendly❌ （our应改成we，因为chinese不是我们的，而是chinese就是我们）

②　学生说：We students should work hard ✔ | 老师说：We students should work hard ❌（We要改成our）

4，比较句型中，as和than后的主格可以用宾格代替

①　I am taller than she/her

②　He is as tall as she/her

5，but，except作“除了...”说并谓语主语之后时，后面可以用主格也可以用宾格

①　Nobody but/except he/him knew it

6，人称代词单独出现时，常用宾格

①　Who loves her？，you or me？

三，人称代词It的用法

1，人称代词it有实义，是第三人称代词单数，译为“它”，一般指人以外的一切生物或事物，有时也指婴儿或不知性别的人

①　A bird in the tree,It chirps.

②　The baby is crying. It might be hungry

③　Someone is crying.Who might it be?

2，用于“it is/was 表语”的结构，指明某人或某物的身份。

①　Who is there ?--it's the postman

②　Mr.Liu is at the door.He wants to see you(若身份确定，不宜用it）

③　Someone is at the door.It must be Mr.Liu（若身份不确定，可用it）

3，指代this或that

①　This is your plan，isn't it？

4，I like it when...句型（能这样用的动词不多，主要有enjoy，like，dislike，love，hate，prefer，appreciate等表喜好的动词）

①　I won't like it if you arrive late

②　I hates it when you use my car

5，Rumor/Legend has it that...谣传/传说...（it是形式宾语，代指其后面的that从句）

①　Rumor has it that Diao is not a good girl

②　Legend has it that Diao is a heroine

6，I can't help it/can help it/can't help doing=can't help but do（help此时有stop的意思）

①　He can't help crying=he can't help but cry她不能控制地哭

②　You can't help but respect him你不能控制地尊敬他（不得不尊敬他）

③　I can't help it if he doesn't come如果他不来，我也不能控制（没办法）

④　If I can help it，I won't cry如果我能控制的话，我也不会哭

7，make it的用法

①　You will make it你会成功的/你会办成的/你会准时赶到的/你会好起来的（事业成功/做成某事/抵达某地/病情好转）

②　let's make it at 8：30我们约在八点半吧（约定时间）

四，非人称代词it的用法

1，指时间,天气，距离，上文，季节，环境等

①　it's nine o'clock九点了（时间）

②　It's sunny today（天气）

③　It's about 15 minute's walk from home to school（距离）

④　He gave me a book yesterday.It was good(上文内容）

2，作形式主语

①　It's very nice of them to help me out

②　It is no good discussing the matter with him

③　It is a fact that the population is still increasing

除此之外，it代替that从句作形式主语的常用句式还有：

It is a good thing that... / It is good news that.../It is obvious that.../It is necessary that... / It is important that... / It is strange that... / It’s surprising that... / It is likely/possible that... / It is well-known that... / It is said that...据说... /It is reported that... / It is recorded that... / It is suggested that.../ It is ordered that... / It should be noted that.../ It occurs to sb that...某人想到...

3,作形式宾语

④　I find it hard to learn Maths

⑤　I feel it necessary to learn Maths

⑥　I made it a rule to keep a diary every day

⑦　I believe it no use reading without understanding

五，常用it的固定句型

1，“it is/has been 时间段 since...”表示“从...以来，有...” since后常用一般过去时

①　·It is/has been years since we parted in Changde

2，”it was 时间段 before...”表示“过了多久才...”; “it will(not) be 时间段 before...”表示“要过多久才...”

①　·It was a long time before we began to use spaceship过了很久，人们才开始使用飞船

②　·How long do you think it will be before China sends a manned spaceship to the Diao？你认为要过多久中国才能向月球发射载人宇宙飞船？

③　·It will not be long before you regret for what you are doing now不久，你就会对你现在的所作所为感到后悔的

3，“it happened that...”意为“碰巧...”

①　It happens that I know him碰巧我认识他

②　It happend that I was not in Changde at the time碰巧我那时不在常德

4，“it seems/appears that...”意为“好像...”

①　It seems that he loves Changde他好像爱上了常德

5，“it turns out that...”意为“结果是...”

①　It turns out that Languagee is the best结果兰桂姬语言文化是最好的

六，We/you/they的特殊用法（都可泛指“人们”）

1. 多个人称代词，单数按“二三一”的顺序排列：you，he/she and I...或you，him/her and me...；复数按”一二三”顺序排列：we，you，and they...或us，you and them...

2. 如需承担责任，第一人称放在第一: I and Leo broke the window

3. 人称代词单独用，常用宾格非主格：I’d like to stay here--Me too

七，物主代词：

句法功能：

1，形容词性物主代词：相当于形容词，放在名词前，作定语，翻译为“...的”

①　Thank you for your help谢谢你的帮助(你的)

②　She has her own car她有她自己的汽车/I want to have a car of my own我想要一辆属于我自己的汽车（own表示强调“自己的”）

③　do one's homework/lose one's way/try one's best（固定短语用one's替代其他物主代词）

3，名词性物主代词：相当于名词，不能放在名词前作定语，而是在句中作主语，宾语，表语或与of连用构成双重所有格，作后置定语

①　My car is good.His is better.(作主语=his car)

②　Bob’s car is broken,could i use yours(作宾语=your car）

③　He might be in his(作介词宾语=his...)

④　Are those cars yours？(作表语=your cars）

⑤　Jack is a friend of mine(后置定语=my friend）

八，反身代词

句法功能：

1，强调用法（做同位语）：作主语/宾语的同位语，重读，强调，可放主语/宾语后，也可放句尾。

①　I did it myself（=I myself did it）我自己做的

2，作动词宾语：不重读，不起强调作用，可接反身代词作宾语

①　He taught himself how to make a car他自学如何造车(类似动词还有buy，cut，dress，dry，enjoy，help，hide，hurt，introduce，make，teach，wash等)

3，作介词宾语(多见于习惯用语):

①　Seeing a thing for oneself is better than hearing about it耳闻不如目见（亲自）

②　She did it by herself（独自一人，独立地）

③　The Changde Rice noodles is the best in itself常德米粉本来就是最好的

④　He is beside himself too much他太得意忘形了（发狂，失常，得意忘形）

⑤　I can tell you that，but you must keep it to yourself我可以告诉你，不过你必须保守秘密（独占，独用）常见还有：of oneself自动地，be oneself身心自在，cannot help oneself情不自禁，say to oneself心里想 ，seat oneself坐下，come to oneself恢复知觉，talk/speak to oneself自言自语，enjoy oneself玩得愉快

4，反射用法（宾语指代的是主语时使用，不能用人称代词）

①　He saw himself in the mirror他在镜子里看见了他自己（himself和he为同一个人）

②　He saw him in the mirror他在镜子里看见了他（him显然指另一个人）

十，指示代词

1，句法功能：与定冠词和人称代词一样具有“指定”的含义，所指对象取决于说话cv者和听话者共同熟悉的语境，可作定语，主语，宾语，表语等。

①　What does this word mean？（定语）

②　Hi,Diao.This is Gou (主语）

③　I like these better than those（宾语）

④　What i like is this，not that（表语）

2，用法：

①　This，these指时间或空间离说话者较近的人或物；that，those指时间和空间距离较远的人或物

②　That，those常用来代替前面已提到的事物，以避免重复

③　打电话介绍自己要用“this is...”，询问或确认对方是哪一位要说“who's that？/Is that...？”

④　人称代词代词指示代词，当所指的事物已经确定时，后面的指示代词指人时必须用he，she或they，指物时须用it或they：This is my brother.He loves Changde Mifen / Are these books yours？--Yes，They are.

十一, 不定代词：不指明代替任何特定名词的代词，具有名词和形容词性质，有可数与不可数，单数和复数区别

Everyone/everybody/everything/everywhere：

1，侧重表示“全部的，所有的”，是“整体”概念:

①　Is everyone here？大家都到齐了吗？（“大家”是整体）

2，否定是半否定，全否要用nobody/no one/nothing/none/nowhere或anybody/any one/anything/anywhere

①　Not everyone sees him不是每一个人都看到他（半否：意思是还有有人看到了他）

②　I didn't see everyone我没有见着每一位（半否：意思是还是看见了一些人）

③　I didn't see anyone=I saw nobody/I saw none of them我一个人也没见着（全否：我没看见任何人）

④　I can't find him everywhere ❌ （正确应把everywhere改成anywhere）

everyone和every one的区别：

①　Everyone/everybody likes it（是一个词，只用来指人，= everybody）

②　Every one/Each one of the children likes it（是两个词，既可指人也可指物，= each one）

everyday和every day的区别：

①　He recites everyday English every day他每天背日常英语（everyday是形容词；every day是状语）

Anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere（多用于肯定句/否定句/疑问句/条件句）：

1，肯定句/否定句，暗指“全部，任何”

①　Anybody knows it任何人都知道

②　You know anything你知道任何事情

③　I can't think of anything that i don't know我想不出任何一件我不知道的事

④　you'll never know anyone the way you know yourself你不会用了解自己的方式去了解任何人

2，疑问句/条件句，暗含“某个”，肯定句中使用somebody/something等时，疑问句要变为anybody/anything

①　Does anyone really knows it？有人知道吗？

②　Do you known any valuables anywhere else？你知道哪里还有某些有价值的东西吗？

③　If there is anything i know，i would tell you如果有某些我知道的，我会告诉你

Someone/somebody/something/somewhere（多用于肯定句，其中some表“特定”的某一个，属于“不确定特指”，即：虽然没有指明是哪一个，但也是特定的某一个，并且只能是“这个”，而不能是别的任何一个）

①　Somebody broke it yesterday昨天有人把它打碎了

②　Something is wrong with the machine机器出故障了

3，Something，somebody，nobody，nothing的特殊用法，

1，something意为“重要人物”时，相当于somebody

①　She thinks she's something 她以为自己了不起

②　She thinks she's somebody but she is nobody她以为自己是个人物，实际啥也不是

2，something表“重要的事物”

①　The painting is really something这个画有点儿东西

3，“something of a/an 名词”表示“可以说是一个...”的意思，“有点像，但不完全是”

①　He is a scholar and something of a philosopher他是个学者，也可以说是一个不错的哲学家

②　He isn't much of a cook他不完全是一个厨师

4，泛指人时，-one和-body可以相互换用，只是前者较文雅（星火英语）

①　Everybody’s/Everyone’s business is nobody’s/no one’s business(事关大家无人管)

5，形容词修饰复合不定代词要放在其后面

①　There is nothing important here

Everybody/something等人称代词替代问题

1，somebody，anybody和everyone等指代人的不定代词侧重于指个体时，后面用单数替代；若侧重指“全部，无一例外”时，后面用复数替代，特别是口语中，为避免明确指出对象性别，常用复数代替

①　Anybody can go to the park，can't they？（侧重全部）

②　Has anyone a book he can lend me？（侧重个体）

③　Everyone in our class has a book，don't they？（侧重全部）

④　Everybody was wearing their shorts（侧重全部）

⑤　I told everyone to run as fast as they can（侧重全部）

2，something，everything，anything常用单数替代

①　Everything has gone wrong today，hasn't it？

Both：表“两个”

1，both在句中成分：

①　Both of us want to go(主语）

②　I like both of them（宾语）

③　Both her children go to the park(定语）

④　We both want to go（同位语)

⑤　We both go to the park可在实义动词前

⑥　They have both lived here for years可在助动词，连系动词，情态动词后

2，both和not连用表部分否定“两者并不都”，全部否定要用neither：

①　Not both my parents are for my plan我父母并不都支持我（半否：有一个支持）

②　Neither of my parents is for my plan我父母都不支持我(全否：谓语用单数)

3，答语中both不能在句末：

①　Are your parents both teachers？---Yes，They both are

Either和neither:前者表“两者中的任何一个”，neither表“两者都不”，均可修饰或代替可数名词单数，句中作主语，宾语，定语等，作主语时，谓语用单数。

①　Either of you could do it你们俩谁做都可以(主语）

②　Did you see them？-No,I saw neither of them（宾语)

③　Neither answer is correct两个的答案都不正确（定语)

One： 指代可数名词单数，可人可物，作主语，宾语，表语等，复数是ones。

1，泛指“人”“一个人”“人们”表示包括自己在内的总体，这种用法可出现one's和oneself相呼应

①　One has to do one's best

②　One should take care of oneself

3，表具体的“一个人或事物”

①　Miss Gou is a English teacher，one who is both strict and kind

②　This is the one you are looking for

4，代替上文已提及或对方已知的某个可数名词单数，ones代替可数名词复数，以避免重复

①　I don't like this car，the one you just showed me

②　I prefer red cars to white ones

注意：当one前有形容词修饰时，形容词前必须有冠词或代词the best one，a nice one，her last one

5，作同位语，相当于a/an 名词

①　i want to buy a gift for my mother,one at a proper price（one=a gift）

6，The one和the ones的用法和区别：

①　Which car?-the one you just showed me(代指前面提到的单数可数名词)

②　Which cars are yours?-the ones hold in the park(代指前面提到的复数可数名词)

It，one，that的用法比较

①　I like the car,but it is broken(同名同物，it=上文的car，相当于the 名词）

②　I don't like this car.Could you show me a another one？(同名异物，one=下文的car，相当于a/an 名词，只能代替可数名词)

③　The Weather in China is different from that in Italy(同名异物，只能指事物，that=中国天气，和意大利天气同名不同物)

All：表“所有的”，修饰/代替可数名词复数，也可修饰/代替不可数名词

1，All在句中成分：

①　All are here(主语)

②　I brought all of them(宾语)

③　He called up all his friends(定语)

④　She has read them all(同位语)

⑤　My family like all pop music/My family can all swim可在实义动词前，连系动词/助动词/情态动词后

2，all与not连用时，表示部分否定“并非所有的”，全部否定用none

①　Not all of us agree to the plan（半否）

②　None of us agree to the plan（全否）

6，答语中，all不能在句末。

①　Do you agree to this plan？---Yes, we all do

Each和every的用法对比: each两个/两个以上的可数名词单数，只有两个时必须用，强调个体，可作主语/宾语/定语/同位语等，作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；Every：三个或三个以上数量，修饰可数名词单数，强调整体，只能作定语（形容词）

①　There are many trees on each side of the road（只有2个只能用each或either）

②　Each student has a computer每个学生都有电脑（3个/3 数量each/every都可用，each强调个体）

③　Every student has a computer所有学生都有电脑（3个/3 数量each/every都可用，every强调整体）

注意：every只能作形容词；each则可作代词，形容词和副词

①　Each student has a computer（each=形容词，可用every代替）

②　Each/Every one of them has a computer（each=代词，不能every代替，需用every one代替）

③　They each have eaten one apple（each=同位语，不能every代替）

④　They have eaten one apple each（each=副词，不能every代替）

None，no one，nobody的区别

1，None：作主语，宾语，表语。替代可数“没有一个”，替代不可数“全无”。作主语时谓语单复数都可。

①　None like/likes me（主语，谓语可单可复）

②　I bought a lot but he bought none（宾语）

③　I want some more milk but there is none left.（表语）

2，no one只指人不接of短语，回答who提问；none 指人/物可接of短语，回答how many/much提问：

①　No one/Nobody likes it（只指人，谓语单数，不接of短语，不暗示范围）

②　Did anyone come to see you？-No one/Nobody（只指人，谓语单数，不接of短语，不暗示范围）

③　None of the money has been found（人/物兼指，不可数用单数，可接of短语，暗示范围）

④　None of the trees has/have been found（人/物兼指，可数用复数，可接of短语，暗示范围）

⑤　Did any of your friends come to see you？-None你的朋友有谁来看过你吗？-一个也没来（暗示范围）

⑥　How many/How much...left？-None | Who did come to see you？-No one/Nobody

Some和any的用法比较：

1，表“一些”，双修，一般肯定句用some；否定/疑问/条件句用any。

①　I want some water(肯定)

②　I don't have any pens in the box = I have no pens in the box (否定)

③　Do you have any pens?(疑问)

2，some希望得肯定回答；any有时在肯定句中表“任何一个”

①　Would you like some water？（说话人想要对方说yes）

②　Any normal child will like it（any表任何一个）

3，some/any of结构作主语时，谓语动词根据of后面的名词/其单复数而定

①　Some of the food has gone bad（food是不可数，谓语用单数）

②　I don’t think any of them are bad（them是可数，谓语用复数）

4，any表示3个/3 数量时可作定语/宾语

①　Any child can do that（定语）

②　You may take any of them（宾语）

十二，相互代词：主要是each other和one another，用法见下表

Another,other(s),the other(s),the rest,else等各other的区别和用法对照表（兰桂姬语言文化）

Another,other(s),the other(s),the rest,else等各other的区别和用法对照表（兰桂姬语言文化）

十三，疑问代词

疑问代词

1，who/whom的用法：意为“谁”

①　Who kicks Diao?(主语)

②　Whom/Who Did Gou kick?(whom作动词kick的宾语，可用who代替)

③　With whom should I speak ?(介词宾语时，whom不可用who代替)

2，whose的用法：意为“谁的”，既可前置作定语，也可单独使用

①　They are all good at maths,but whose is the best？（主语：谁的数学是最好的？）

②　Whose do you like better，Diao’s pen or Gou’s pen?(宾语：刁的笔和苟的笔，你更喜欢谁的(笔)呢？-这里谁的(笔)是like的宾语))

③　Whose is this pen?(表语：这笔是谁的？还原=this pen is whose是谁的“是”是中心)

④　Whose pen is this?(定语：这是谁的笔？，还原=this is whose pen，谁的笔的“谁的”是中心)

3，which的用法：意为“哪一个，哪一些”，指人/物，可数单/复。句中可主/宾/定

①　Which is better?(主语）

②　Which of these pens do you like?(宾语：of which的名词短语作like的宾语)

③　Which pens are you going to use？(定语)

4，what的用法：意为“什么”，可单独使用，也可放名词前，句中作主语/宾语/表语/定语。

①　What makes you so happy?（主语)

②　What do you like?(宾语)

③　What is this?(表语)

④　What size do you like?(定语)

⑤　What's your name/this/the color/the time?/What day is it today?/What kind of pens do you like?（询问姓名，物品，颜色，时间等）

⑥　What is your sister？/ What do you do?（询问职业）

⑦　What is he like? 品行怎样/What’s the weather like? 天气怎样？/What does she looks like?外貌怎样？（询问品行，外貌，天气)

⑧　What about you? (what about征求意见或询问情况,等于How about)

注意：what常泛指，没有选择范围，which特指在具体范围内进行选择

⑨　What color do you like?

⑩　Which color do you like better, red or yellow?

十四，关系代词：详见定语从句用法

十五，连接代词：who，whom，whose，which，what，whoever，whichever，whatever引导主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句。包括表示疑问连接代词和非疑问连接代词。

①　What he said made me very happy(主语从句)

②　No one knows what will happen(宾语从句)

③　I have no idea who he is(同位语从句，who he is=idea)

④　I won’t believe whoever cheats me(宾语从句)

⑤　Whichever player arrives at ten will be the winner(主语从句)

⑥　Take whichever seat you like(宾语从句)

⑦　She is allowed to do whatever she likes(宾语从句)

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