高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题技巧（攻克高考英语阅读高频考点）

主旨大意是作者在文章中要表达的主要内容，是全文的核心，是作者在文章中努力通过行文逻辑和各种细节信息来阐明的中心话题，把握主旨大意对正确理解全文具有重要意义。主旨大意题旨在考查考生通过阅读文章正确获取文章的主旨，推断文章的主题、标题、段落大意、中心思想的能力，即考查考生归纳概括以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。主旨大意题是阅读理解中的高难度题。它既考查阅读理解能力，又考查深层次的推理、概括能力。

近三年主旨大意题考查频次一览表

由上表可知，近三年主旨大意类试题的题量逐年增加，常以标题归纳的形式出现，考查深度、难度不断加大，这表明高考突出了对主旨大意的考查，体现了高考对考生深层次理解文章的要求，考生应给予足够的重视。该题型有以下特点：

1.考查形式

考点1：归纳文章标题

标题归纳题要求考生在理解文章的基础上，结合文章的体裁和结构，从所给选项中选出适合文章的标题。注意最佳标题的特点：精准性强（不改变原文意义和感情色彩）；涵盖性强（要能概括全文，反映出文章的主旨）；语言精练有吸引力。标题归纳题的主要设题形式有：

Which is the besttitle for the text?

Which of the followingcan be the best title for this passage?

The best/suitabletitle/headline for this passage may be.

Which of the followingbest summarized the passage?

What would be the mostsuitable title for the text?

【典例1】（2017全国卷I·C篇）Some of the worldsmost famous musicians recently gathered in Paris and New Orleans to celebratethe first annual International Jazz Day. UNESCO (United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization) recently set April 30 as a day to raiseawareness of jazz music, its significance, and its potential as a unifying (联合)voice across cultures.

Despitethe celebrations, though, in the U.S. the jazz audience continues to shrink andgrow older, and the music has failed to connect with younger generations.

It isJason Moran is job to help change that. As the Kennedy Centersartistic adviser for jazz, Moran hopes to widen the audience for jazz, make themusic more accessible, and preserve its history and culture.

"Jazzseems like it is not really a part of the American appetite," Moran tellsNational Public Radio is reporter Neal Conan. "What Im hoping toaccomplish is that my generation and younger start to reconsider and understandthat jazz is not black and white anymore. It is actually color, and it isactually digital."

Moransays one of the problems with jazz today is that the entertainment aspect ofthe music has been lost. "The music can not be presented today the way it was in 1908 or 1958. It has to continue to move, because the way the worldworks is not the same," says Moran.

Lastyear, Moran worked on a project that arranged Fats Wallers music for a danceparty, "just to kind of put it back in the mind that Waller is dance musicas much as it is concert music," says Moran. "For me, its therecontextualization.In music, where does the emotion [HTK](情感)lie? Are we, as humans, gaining any insight (感悟) on how to talk aboutourselves and how something as abstract as a Charlie Parker record gets us intoa dialogue about our emotions and our thoughts? Sometimes we lose sight thatthe music has a wider context," says Moran, "so I want to continuethose dialogues. Those are the things I want to foster."

31.Which of thefollowing can be the best title for the text?

A.Exploring the Future of Jazz

B.The Rise and Fall of Jazz

C.The Story of a Jazz Musician

D.Celebrating the Jazz Day

【详解】首先通过略读，总结各段段意。第一段：联合国教科文组织设定4月30日是国际爵士乐日以及设立这个节日的宗旨。第二段：在美国，爵士乐不像以前那样受欢迎。第三段：肯尼迪中心的爵士乐顾问杰森·莫兰希望爵士乐能受到更多听众的喜爱，并保护它的历史和文化。第四段：杰森·莫兰想做的事是让他们那一代人以及年轻一代能重新认识爵士乐的价值。第五段：杰森·莫兰认为如今爵士乐的娱乐功能已经丧失，而时代在改变，因此爵士乐也应与时俱进。第六段：杰森·莫兰希望人们借助音乐可以表达思想和感情，并希望通过他自己的努力，让爵士乐长盛不衰。

纵观全文内容，尤其是对三段至第六段中提到的杰森·莫兰对爵士乐的看法及希望可知，A项“探索爵士乐的未来”作为本文标题最佳。

答案：A。

【易错分析】虽然文中提到爵士乐的衰落，但B项不能概括全文的内容，属于以偏概全，应排除。本文并不是讲述爵士乐音乐家的故事，没有提到音乐家，属于张冠李戴，可排除C。本文尽管开篇提到了爵士乐日，但并没有具体介绍爵士乐日的活动内容与形式，属于似是而非题，可排除D。

【典例2】（2017全国卷III·D篇）The IntelligentTransport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into amobile laboratory named "DriveLAB" in order to understand thechallenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress pointsare.

Researchshows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health andwell\|being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝)and inactive.

Ledby Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in\|vehicletechnologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continuedriving into later life.

Theseinclude custom\|made navigation(导航) tools, night visionsystems and intelligent speed adaptations. Phil Blythe explains: "For manyolder people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving isimportant for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get outand about without having to rely on others.

"Butwe all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and thisoften results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditionsand losing confidence in their driving skills. The result is that people stopdriving before they really needto."

DrAmy Guo, the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains: "TheDriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key stress points anddifficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to addressthese problems."

"Forexample, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyoneelse but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at aconstant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at riskof getting fined. Were looking at the benefits of systems which control theirspeed as a way of preventing that.

"Wehope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案)to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel."

15.What is the besttitle for the text?

A. A New ModelElectric Car

B. A Solution toTraffic Problems

C. Driving Servicesfor Elders

D. Keeping OlderDrivers on the Road

【详解】本文是一篇科普说明文，介绍了智能交通团队建立移动实验室，研究老年人开车存在的问题和难点，帮助老年人安全驾驶。本文的关键词是老年人驾车，重点讲述了为他们安全驾车所进行的研究。所以D是最佳选项。

答案：D。

【易错分析】 选项A“一种新型电动汽车”，如果按照逆向演绎法，本文应该是说明文，主要介绍这款电动车的功能和用途，当然也可以包括服务对象。但是本文主要介绍了电动车与老人的关系，目的是方便老人开车，所以与原文不符。

选项B的问题在于主题扩大。“TrafficProblem”涵盖了很多方面，本文则是具体谈如何方便老年人的开车问题。同时，“asolution”的表述本身也存在问题，对于交通问题，“一个方案”就能解决吗？所以，本题的错误主要在于概念表述失当。

选项C中出现了“Driving”和“elders”，似是而非，比较容易被误选；但Service一词不准确，词义宽泛，转换了本文的主旨概念。如果以此为题目，文章要介绍的是为老年人提供的驾驶服务，而非本文中老年自己驾车。

考点2 ：概括文章大意

文章大意题旨在考查考生是否掌握了所读文章的主要内容或主旨,它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于深层理解题。此类题的主要设题形式有：

What is the text/passage mainlyabout?

Whichof the following best states the theme of the passage?

What is the subject discussed in this passage?

【典例3】

（2017天津卷·A篇）Supposeyoure in a rush, feeling tired, not paying attention to your screen, and yousend an email that could get you in trouble.

Realisationwill pobably set in seconds after youve clicked "send". You freezein horror and burn with shame.

Whatto do? Here are four common email accidents, and how to recover.

Clicking"send" too soon

Dontwaste your time trying to find out if the receiver has read it yet. Writeanother email as swiftly as you can and send it with a brief title explainingthat this is the correct version and the previous version should be ignored.

Writingthe wrong name

Thesooner you notice, the better. Respond quickly and briefly, apologising foryour mistake. Keep the tone measured: dont handle it too lightly, as peoplecan be offended, especially if your error suggests a misunderstanding of theirculture(i.e. incorrect ordering of Chinese names).

Clicking"reply all" unintentionally

You accidentally reveal(透露)tothe entire company what menu choices you would prefer at the staff Christmasdinner, or what holiday youd like to take. In this instance, the best solutionis to send a quick, light\|hearted apology to explain your awkwardness. But itcan quickly rise to something worse, when everyone starts hitting "replyall" to join in a long and unpleasant conversation. In this instance, stepaway from your keyboard to allow everyone to calm down.Sendingan offensive message to its subject Themost awkward email mistake is usually committed in anger. You write an unkindmessage about someone, intending to send it to a friend, but accidentally sendit to the person youre discussing. In that case, ask to speak in person assoon as possible and say sorry. explain your frustrations calmly and sensibly —see it as an opportunity to clear up any difficulties you may have with thisperson.

40.Whatis the passage mainly about?

A.Definingemail errors.

B.Reducingemail mistakes.

C.Handlingemail accidents.

D.Improving emailwriting.

【详解】本文是应用文，通读全文，尤其是第三段的内容可知，本文主要介绍的是我们在发送电子邮件时，如果出现了错误该如何面对和补救。因此C项最能概括本文的主题。

答案：C

【思路点拨】四个选项，每个选项都只有三个单词。显而易见，email前后的动词和名词，就是各选项的区别所在。第三段中“Here are fourcommon email accidents, and how to recover”已经非常明确的指出，本文要介绍“How to recover from emailaccidents”，选项C中的handle意为“应付，处理”，与文意最贴切。同时，文中几个突出显示的小标题，都是具体的补救措施。所以，容易选出正确答案C。

【典例4】Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering inwar parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements associal beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek foodfor themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with theirchildren, who are able from a young age to gather their own food.

In the laboratory, chimps dont naturally share food either. If a chimp is put ina cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no greatereffort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor in the next cage, hewill pull at random — hejust doesnt carewhether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.

Human children, on the other hand, are naturallycooperative. From the earliest ages, they desire to help others, to shareinformation and to participate in achieving common goals. The psychologistMichael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of experimentswith very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see anunrelated adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all willimmediately try to help.

There are several reasons to believe that the urgesto help, inform and share are not taught, but naturally possessed in youngchildren. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before mostparents have started to train their children to behave socially. Another isthat the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. Athird reason is that social intelligence develops in children before theirgeneral cognitive（认知的）skills,atleast when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomasello, the humanchildren did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests but wereconsiderably better at understanding the social world.

The core of what childrens minds have and chimps dont is what Tomasello calls shared intentionality.Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking.But beyond that, even very young children want to be part of a [JP3]sharedpurpose. They actively seek to be part of a "we", a group thatintends to work toward a shared goal.

60.The passage is mainly about

A. the helping behaviors of young children

B. ways to train childrens shared intentionality

C. cooperation as a distinctive human nature

D. the development of intelligence in children

【详解】本文属于科普说明文，科学家经过实验发现与黑猩猩相比，合作是人类与生俱来的一种独有的本能。文章前两段说明了黑猩猩的自私，第三段作者话锋一转，提出了本文要说明的中心：Human children, on the other hand, are naturallycooperative。A项、B项和D项都属于文章的部分内容，并非中心思想。

答案：C。

【方法点津】本文第一段只是一个导入的段落，不能做主题句或文章中心。本文中心隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章，考生要根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推断出文章的主旨。具体方法是采用略读或扫读的方式先弄清各个段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳形成主题。注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。

掌握了找段落主题句或中心句的方法，就可以依据段落主题句或中心句归纳文章的主题。考生要特别注意有些文章的首句虽然看上去很像主题句或中心句，但没有完整概括文章大意，或只片面地说到文章的某一个层次。考生要注意避免落入这类陷阱。

考点3：总结段落大意

一般而言，每个段落总有一个中心，通常中心思想会在首句或尾句体现出来，这就是常说的段落主题句。总体来说，采用归纳法的段落，细节表述在前，归纳概括在后，主题句在段尾；采用演绎法的段落，先提出观点，后举例子，由一般到特殊，主题句出现在段首，这种现象较多地出现在说明文和议论文中。若作者采用"特殊→一般→特殊"的写作方式，主题句可能出现在段落的中间。有时，作者没有写出明显的主题句，考生要学会根据段落的内容概括出主题句。此类题的主要设问方式有：

What is the first paragraph mainly about?

What does the writer try to express inParagraph 4?

Which of the following can bestsummarize Paragraph 2?

【典例5】（2017全国卷II·C篇）Terrafugia Inc. saidMonday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing thecompany closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. Thevehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that foldup so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet foreight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and115 in the air. It flies using a 23\|gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons perhour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.

Around100 people have already put down a 10,000 deposit to get a Transition whenthey go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introducesthe Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. Butdont expect it to show up in too many driveways. Its expected to cost279,000. And it wont help if youre stuck in traffic. The car needs arunway.

Inventors have been trying to make flying carssince the 1930s， according to Robert Mann, anairline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyoneto making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted thecompany to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. TheTransition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federalsafety standards.

Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the FederalAviation Administrations decision five years ago to create a separate set ofstandards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots oflarger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilotswould find relatively easy to meet.

28.Whatis the first paragraph mainly about?

A.The basic data of the Transition.

B.The advantages of flying cars.

C.The potential market for flying cars.

D.The designers of the Transition.

31.Whatis the best title for the text?

A.Flying Car at Auto Show

B.The Transitioniis First Flight

C.Pilots Dream Coming True

D.Flying Car Closer to Reality

【详解】本文是一篇科普说明文。Terrafugia公司研制出飞行汽车并成功进行第一次飞行，使飞行汽车成为现实更进一步。

28.考查段落大意。第一段第二句“The vehicle — named theTransition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can bedriven like a car”介绍了飞行汽车的构造，第一段的后半部分介绍了它的空中飞行速度、陆地行驶速度和油耗情况，这些都是飞行汽车的基本数据，所以选A。选项B“飞行汽车的优势”容易误导学生，大家可能认为这是新事物，就会有优势。但是，第一段只是介绍了飞行汽车的基本数据，并没有做比较，所以不能说是在谈“优势”。选项C“飞行汽车的潜在市场”是第二段的内容，此处属于张冠李戴。选项D“飞行汽车的设计者”是断章取义。文中提到了设计者，但不是全文的主旨，更不是第一段主要内容。

31.考查标题归纳。根据第一段中“Terrafugia Inc. said Monday thatits new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closerto its goal of selling the flying car within the next year”可知，Terrafugia公司的飞行汽车进行了第一次飞行，开宗明义，所以31题选D项。主旨大意题的解答要注意文章的首段和尾段，同时要结合文中大部分内容所讲述的观点。文章中只提及Transition会出现在NewYork Auto Show，但这不是文章主要内容，故排除A项；B项只是飞行汽车的第一次飞行，过于片面；C项中的“Pilots’Dream”未在文中提到。

答案：28.A，31.D。

【典例6】Viewing childhooddevelopment as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do youngchildren and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggestedthat science as an effort — the desire toexplore, explain, and understand our world — is simplysomething that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution(进化) providedhuman babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, andadult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them aschildren. The same cognitive(认知的) systems thatmake young children feel good about figuring something out may have beenadopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, "It is not thatchildren are little scientists but that scientists are big children."

Q：What is themain idea of the last paragraph?

A. The world may be more clearlyexplained through childrens play.

B. Studying babies play may leadto a better understanding of science.

C. Children may have greater ability tofigure out things than scientists.

D. Ones drive forscientific research may become stronger as he grows.

【详解】这一段的首句是该段的主题句，“butit also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists”说明对孩子们成长过程进行心理研究的重要意义。对孩子们玩耍行为的科学性研究，可以让我们增强对科学探索性质的理解，让我们对科学有更本质的了解。

答案：B。

【易错分析】选项A的错误有二：首先偷换了概念，用“world”替换了“science”；另外，文中提到“scienceas an effort —the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simplysomething that comes from our babyhood”可以看出主语是“science”而非“world”，所以不妥。

选项C一方面可以依据常识被排除，另一方面，最后一段提到“adultscientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children”，“It is not that children are little scientists but thatscientists are big children.”说明科学家的研究和孩子的“研究”有相似性，并没有比较孰优孰劣。

选项D似是而非。题干本身的陈述似乎没有问题，生活中或许可以成立，但在最后一段内没有谈到科学研究的动机是否会随着人年龄的成长而改变。所以排除。

,