教育部10年制教育实施时间（国家下了铁命令）

“目前全国上下从幼升小到高考正在深入进行的一系列重大历史性教改，都是中央顶层设计的结果。”一位教育观察家发出如此感慨，来源于北京师范大学资深教授、中国教育学会名誉会长、著名教育家顾明远透露的一个信息。

　作为国家考试指导委员会的24位委员之一，顾明远明确指出，这次的新高考改革前后酝酿了整整4年时间，经过了10多轮讨论，之后又分别通过了国务院教育改革领导小组、国务院常务会议讨论，最终经中央常委会议、政治局讨论，才最终确定了下来！

　　除此之外，由中央拍板的小升初、中考，包括高考，整个基础教育界又再面临怎样的变革？

　　一、中高考将包含小学知识，学科无考试大纲

　　“以后的高考、中考，在小学学的内容也是必考内容，明显降低中考、高考的考试难度。”

克莱因瓶是一个不可定向的二维紧流形，而球面或轮胎面是可 克莱因瓶 克莱因瓶 定向的二维紧流形。如果观察克莱因瓶，有一点似乎令人困惑－－克莱因瓶的瓶颈和瓶身是相交的，换句话说，瓶颈上的某些点和瓶壁上的某些点占据了三维空间中的同一个位置。 我们可以把克莱因瓶放在四维空间中理解：克莱因瓶是一个在四维空间中才可能真正表现出来的曲面。如果我们一定要把它表现在我们生活的三维空间中，我们只好将就点，把它表现得似乎是自己和自己相交一样。克莱因瓶的瓶颈是穿过了第四维空间再和瓶底圈连起来的，并不穿过瓶壁。用扭结来打比方，如果把它看作平面上的曲线的话，那么它似乎自身相交，再一看似乎又断成了三截。但其实很容易明白，这个图形其实是三维空间中的曲线。它并不和自己相交，而是连续不断的一条曲线。在平面上一条曲线自然做不到这样，但是如果有第三维的话，它就可以穿过第三维来避开和自己相交。只是因为我们要把它画在二维平面上时，只好将就一点，把它画成相交或者断裂了的样子。克莱因瓶也一样，我们可以把它理解成处于四维空间中的曲面。在我们这个三维空间中，即使是最高明的能工巧匠，也不得不把它做成自身相交的模样；就好像最高明的画家，在纸上画扭结的时候也不得不把它们画成自身相交的模样。有趣的是，如果把克莱因瓶沿着它的对称线切下去，竟会得到两个莫比乌斯环。 在二维看似穿过自身的绳子 在二维看似穿过自身的绳子 如果莫比乌斯带能够完美的展现一个“二维空间中一维可无限扩展之空间模型”的话，克莱因瓶只能作为展现一个“三维空间中二维可无限扩展之空间模型”的参考。因为在制作莫比乌斯带的过程中，我们要对纸带进行180°翻转再首尾相连，这就是一个三维空间下的操作。理想的“三维空间中二维可无限扩展之空间模型”应该是在二维面中，朝任意方向前进都可以回到原点的模型，而克莱因瓶虽然在二维面上可以向任意方向无限前进。但是只有在两个特定的方向上才会回到原点，并且只有在其中一个方向上，回到原点之前会经过一个“逆向原点”，真正理想的“三维空间中二维可无限扩展之空间模型”也应该是在二维面上朝任何方向前进，都会先经过一次“逆向原点”，再回到原点。而制作这个模型，则需要在四维空间上对三维模型进行扭曲。数学中有一个重要分支叫“拓扑学”，主要是研究几何图形连续改变形状时的一些特征和规律的，克莱因瓶和莫比乌斯带变成了拓扑学中最有趣的问题之一。莫比乌斯带的概念被广泛地应用到了建筑，艺术，工业生产中。 三维空间里的克莱因瓶 拓扑学的定义编辑 克莱因瓶定义为正方形区域 [0,1]×[0,1] 模掉等价关系(0,y)~(1,y), 0≤y≤1 和 (x,0)~(1-x,1), 0≤x≤1。类似于 Mobius Band, 克莱因瓶不可定向。但 Mobius 带可嵌入 ，而克莱因瓶只能嵌入四维（或更高维）空间。 莫比乌斯带编辑 把一条纸带的一段扭180°，再和另一端粘起来就得到一条莫比乌斯带的模型。这也是一个只有莫比乌斯带、一个面的曲面，但是和球面、轮胎面和克莱因瓶不同的是，它有边（注意，它只有一条边）。如果我们把两条莫比乌斯带沿着它们唯一的边粘合起来，你就得到了一个克莱因瓶 莫比乌斯带 莫比乌斯带 （当然不要忘了，我们必须在四维空间中才能真正有可能完成这个粘合，否则的话就不得不把纸撕破一点）。同样地，如果把一个克莱因瓶适当地剪开来，我们就能得到两条莫比乌斯带。除了我们上面看到的克莱因瓶的模样，还有一种不太为人所知的“8字形”克莱因瓶。它看起来和上面的曲面完全不同，但是在四维空间中它们其实就是同一个曲面－－克莱因瓶。 实际上，可以说克莱因瓶是一个3°的莫比乌斯带。我们知道，在平面上画一个圆，再在圆内放一样东西，假如在二度空间中将它拿出来，就不得不越过圆周。但在三度空间中，很容易不越过圆周就将其拿出来，放到圆外。将物体的轨迹连同原来的圆投影到二度空间中，就是一个“二维克莱因瓶”，即莫比乌斯带（这里的莫比乌斯带是指拓扑意义上的莫比乌斯带）。再设想一下，在我们的3°空间中，不可能在不打破蛋壳的前提下从鸡蛋中取出蛋黄，但在四度空间里却可以。将蛋黄的轨迹连同蛋壳投影在三度空间中，必然可以看到一个克莱因瓶。 制造经历编辑 过去，德国数学家克莱因就曾提出了“不可能”设想，即拓扑学的大怪物－－克莱因瓶。这种瓶子根本没有内、外之分，无论从什么地方穿透曲面，到达之处依然在瓶的外面，所以，它本质上就是一个“有外无内”的古怪东西。 尽管现代玻璃工业已经发展得非常先进，但是，所谓的“克莱因瓶”却始终是大数学家克莱因先生脑子里头的“虚构物”，根本制造不出来。许多国家的数学家老是想造它一个出来，作为献给国际数学家大会的礼物。然而，等待他们的是一个失败接着一个失败。也有人认为，即使造不出玻璃制品，能造出一个纸模型也不错。如果真的解决了这个问题，那可是个大收获！直径和年龄 最新的研究认为宇宙的直径可920亿光年，甚至更大。 [28] 目前可观测的宇宙年龄大约为138.2亿年。 [29] 形状 宇宙微波背景的温度一端高，暗示呈弯曲状 宇宙微波背景的温度一端高，暗示呈弯曲状 [30] 目前的宇宙理论认为宇宙可能是类似马鞍状的负弯曲形状，该理论源于宇宙大爆炸理论，整个宇宙的外形如同一个吹起的气球，我们则生活在宇宙的“表面”。 [31] 同时，科学家也认为宇宙是平坦的，根据美国宇航局的调查，宇宙可能是平坦的，2013年的调查发现如果宇宙是平坦的，那么误差只有0.4%。 [32] 斯蒂芬·霍金表示，我们宇宙的形状可能是一种难以置信的几何图形，更接近于超现实主义的艺术，如同荷兰艺术家摩里茨·科奈里斯·埃舍尔创 银河系 银河系 [33] 作的图形一样。 霍金的想法以弦理论为依据，而该理论目前仍然还处于假设之中，并未被验证。如果用语言来形容宇宙的形状，应该是整体呈现多重镶嵌模式，具有无限重复出现的扭曲面，曲面间环环相扣，如同科奈里斯·埃舍尔创作的“圆形极限IV”图案，也与美国工程师P.H. Smith创作的“史密斯圆图”类似，体现出双曲空间的概念，是一种非欧几何的空间形态。 [34] 层次结构 当代天文学研究成果表明，宇宙是有层次结构的、 即将发生碰撞的两个星系NGC 470和NGC 474 即将发生碰撞的两个星系NGC 470和NGC 474 [35] 不断膨胀、物质形态多样的、不断运动发展的天体系统。 行星、小行星、彗星和流星体都围绕中心天体太阳运转，构成太阳系。 太阳系外也存在其他行星系统。约2500亿颗类似太阳的恒星和星际物质构成更巨大的天体系统——银河系。银河系的直径约10万光年，太阳位于银河系的一个旋臂中，距银心约2.6万光年。 银河系外还有许多类似的天体系统，称为河外星系，常简称星系。目前观测到1000亿个星系，科学家估计宇宙中至少有2万亿个星系。 星系聚集成大大小小的集团，叫星系团。平均而言，每个星系团约有百余个星系，直径达上千万光年。现已发现上万个星系团。包括银河系在内约40个星系构成的一个小星系团叫本星系群。 椭圆星系Hercules A中心超大黑洞引发的喷流 椭圆星系Hercules A中心超大黑洞引发的喷流 [36] 若干星系团集聚在一起构成的更高一层次的天体系统叫超星系团。超星系团往往具有扁长的外形，其长径可达数亿光年。通常超星系团内只含有几个星系团，只有少数超星系团拥有几十个星系团。 本星系群和其附近的约50个星系团构成的超星系团叫做本超星系团。 星系分类 根据可反映星系发展状态的序列号对星系进行了分类，可以粗略地将星系划分出椭圆星系、透镜星系、漩涡星系、棒旋星系和不规则星系等五种。 [37] 太阳系天体 太阳质量占太阳系总质量的99.86%，它以自己强大的引力将 NASA公布的太阳风暴的照片 NASA公布的太阳风暴的照片 [38] 太阳系里的所有天体牢牢地吸引在它的周围，使它们不离不散、井然有序地绕自己旋转。同时，太阳又作为一颗普通恒星，带领它的成员，万古不息地绕银河系的中心运动。 [39] 太阳的半径为696000千米，质量为1.989×10^30kg，中心温度约15000000 ℃，。 [40] 如果一个人站在太阳表面，那么他的体重将会是在地球上的20倍。 [41] 现代星云假说根据观测资料和理论计算，提出：太阳系原始星云是巨大的星际云瓦解的一个小云，一开始就在自转，并在自身引力作用下收缩，中心部分形成太阳，外部演化成星云盘，星云盘以后形成行星。目前，现代星云说又存在不同学派，这些学派之间还存在着许多差别，有待进一步研究和证实。 [42] 金星是离太阳的第二颗行星，夜空中亮度仅次于月球。 [43] 金星上没有水，大气中严重缺氧，二氧化碳占97%以上，空气中有一层厚达20千米至30千米的浓硫酸云，地面温度从不低于400℃，是个名副其实的“炼狱”般世界。金星地面的大气压强为地球的90倍，相当于地球海洋中900米深度时的压强。金星大气主要由二氧化碳等温室气体组成，失控的温室效应，是导致金星极端气候的主要原因。 由于金星没有内禀磁层保护，诱发磁层中磁场重联释放的巨大能量，使得金星大气被加热后加速逃逸。科学界认为，金星上大气的逃逸，是造成金星上缺水而被富含二氧化碳的稠密大气所笼罩，从而导致严重的温室效应的原因。 [44] 木星是离太阳第五颗行星，而且是最大的一颗，比所有其他的行星 木星及其卫星欧罗巴（木卫二） 木星及其卫星欧罗巴（木卫二） [45] 的合质量大2倍（地球的318倍），直径142987km。它是气态行星没有实体表面，由90%的氢和10%的氦（原子数之比, 75/25%的质量比）及微量的甲烷、水、氨水和“石头”组成。这与形成整个太阳系的原始的太阳系星云的组成十分相似。木星可能有一个石质的内核，相当于10－15个地球的质量。内核上则是大部分的行星物质集结地，以液态氢的形式存在。液态金属氢由离子化的质子与电子组成（类似于太阳的内部，不过温度低多了）。木星共有67颗木卫。按距离木星中心由近及远的次序为：木卫十六、木卫十四、木卫五、木卫十五、木卫一、木卫二、木卫三、木卫四、木卫十三、木卫六、木卫十、木卫七、木卫十二、木卫十一、木卫八和木卫九。 [46] 水星是最接近太阳的行星。水星的半径约为2440公里，在八大行星中是最小的。水星昼夜温差极大，白天摄氏 430 度，晚上约可达零下170 度，是太阳系八大行星中温差最大的一个行星。 [47] 水星的外大气层非常稀薄，是由水星表面和太阳风中的原子和离子构成。 [48] 科学家确认水星表面含有丰富的碳，认为碳是水星表面呈黑色的原因，水星表面的岩石是由低重量百分比的石墨碳构成。 [49] “好奇号”火星探测器在火星表面采集样本 “好奇号”火星探测器在火星表面采集样本 [50] 火星是地球的近邻，是太阳系由内往外数第四颗行星。直径6794km，体积为地球的15%，质量为地球的11%。火星表面是一个荒凉的世界，空气中二氧化碳占了95%。火星大气十分稀薄，密度还不到地球大气的1%，因而根本无法保存热量。这导致火星表面温度极低，很少超过0℃，在夜晚，最低温度则可达到-123℃。火星被称为红色的行星，这是因为它表面布满了氧化物，因而呈现出铁锈红色。其表面的大部分地区都是含有大量的红色氧化物的大沙漠，还有赭色的砾石地和凝固的熔岩流。火星上常常有猛烈的大风，大风扬起沙尘能形成可以覆盖火星全球的特大型沙尘暴。每次沙尘暴可持续数个星期。火星两极的冰冠和火星大气中含有水份。从火星表面获得的探测数据证明，在远古时期，火星曾经有过液态的水，而且水量特别大。 [51] 土星是离太阳第六颗行星，直径120536㎞，体积仅次于木星。主要由氢组成，还有少量的氦与微量元素，内部的核心包括岩石和冰，外围由数层金属氢和气体包裹着。地球距离土星13亿公里。土星的引力比地球强2.5倍，能够牵引太阳系内其它行星，使地球处于一个椭圆轨道中运行，并且与太阳保持适当距离，适宜生命繁衍。当土星轨道倾斜20度将使地球轨道比金星轨道更接近太阳，同时，这将导致火星完全离开太阳系。 [52] 土星是已知唯一密度小于水的行星，假如能够将土星放入一个巨大的浴池之中，它将可以漂浮起来。土星有一个巨大的磁气圈和一个狂风肆虐的大气层，赤道附近的风速可达1800千米/时。在环绕土星运行的31颗卫星中间，土卫六是最大的一颗，比水星和月球还大，也是太阳系中唯一拥有浓厚大气层的卫星。 [53] 天王星是离太阳第七颗行星，51118km。体积约为地球的65倍，在九大行星中仅次于木星和土星。天王星的大气层中83%是氢，15%为氦，2%为甲烷以及少量的乙炔和碳氢化合物。上层大气层的甲烷吸收红光，使天王星呈现蓝绿色。大气在固定纬度集结成云层，类似于木星和土星在纬线上鲜艳的条状色带。天王星云层的平均温度为零下193摄氏度。质量为8.6810±13×102?kg，相当于地球质量的14.63倍。密度较小，只有1.24克/立方厘米，为海王星密度值的74.7%。 [54] 恒星 恒星 海王星是离太阳的第八颗行星，直径49532千米。海王星绕太阳运转的轨道半径为45亿千米，公转一周需要165年。海王星的直径和天王星类似，质量比天王星略大一些。海王星和天王星的主要大气成分都是氢和氦，内部结构也极为相近，所以说海王星与天王星是一对孪生兄弟。 [55] 海王星有太阳系最强烈的风，测量到的时速高达2100公里。海王星云顶的温度是－218 °C，是太阳系最冷的地区之一。海王星核心的温度约为7000 °C，可以和太阳的表面比较。海王星在1846年9月23日被发现，是唯一利用数学预测而非有计划的观测发现的行星。 [56] 冥王星，位于海王星以外的柯伊伯带内侧，是柯伊伯带中已知的最大天体。 [57] 直径约为2370±20km，是地球直径的18.5%。 [58] 2006年8月24日，国际天文学联合会大会24日投票决定，不再将传统九大行星之一的冥王星视为行星，而将其列入“矮行星”。大会通过的决议规定，“行星”指的是围绕太阳运转、自身引力足以克服其刚体力而使天体呈圆球状、能够清除其轨道附近其他物体的天体。在太阳系传统的“九大行星”中，只有水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星和海王星符合这些要求。冥王星由于其轨道与海王星的轨道相交，不符合新的行星定义，因此被自动降级为“矮行星”。 [59] 冥王星的表面温度大概在-238到-228℃之间。冥王星的成份由70%岩石和30%冰水混合而成的。地表上光亮的部分可能覆盖着一些固体氮以及少量 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 卫星拍月球经过地球，可见清晰月球背面 [60] 的固体甲烷和一氧化碳，冥王星表面的黑暗部分可能是一些基本的有机物质或是由宇宙射线引发的光化学反应。冥王星的大气层主要由氮和少量的一氧化碳及甲烷组成。大气极其稀薄，地面压强只有少量微帕。 [61] 地球是离太阳第三颗行星，是我们人类的家乡，尽管地球是太阳系中一颗普通的行星，但它在许多方面都是独一无二的。比如，它是太阳系中唯一一颗面积大部分被水覆盖的行星，也是目前所知唯一一颗有生命存在的星球。质量M=5.9742 ×10^24 公斤，表面温度：t = - 30 ～ 45。 [62] 英国科研人员在《天体生物学》杂志上报告说，如果没有小行星撞击等可能剧烈改变环境的事件发生，地球适宜人类居住的时间还剩约17.5亿年，不过人为造成的气候变化可能缩短这一时间。 [63] 彗星是由灰尘和冰块组成的太阳系中的一类小天体，绕日运动。 [64] 科学家使用探测器对彗星的化学遗留物进行分析，发现其主要成份为氨、甲烷、硫化氢、氰化氢和甲醛。科学家得出结论称，彗星的气味闻起来像是臭鸡蛋、马尿、酒精和苦杏仁的气味综合。 [65-66] “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 “67P/楚留莫夫-格拉希门克”彗星 [67] 在太阳系的周围还包裹着一个庞大的“奥尔特云”。星云内分布着不计其数的冰块、雪团和碎石。其中的某些会受太阳引力影响飞入内太阳系，这就是彗星。这些冰块、雪团和碎石进入太阳系内部，其表面因受太阳风的吹拂而开始挥发。所以彗星都拖着一条长长的尾巴，而且越靠近太阳尾巴越长、越明显。太阳系内的星际空间并不是真空的，而是充满了各种粒子、射线、气体和尘埃。 [68] 柯伊伯带，是一种理论推测认为短周期彗星是来自离太阳50—500天文单位的一个环带，位于太阳系的尽头。柯伊伯带是冰质残片组成的巨环，位于海王星轨道之外，环绕着太阳系的外边缘。 [69] 物质多样性 红巨星，当一颗恒星度过它漫长的青壮年期——主序星阶段，步入老年期时，它将首先变为一颗红巨星。称它为“巨星”，是突出它的体积巨大。在巨星阶段，恒星的体积将膨胀到十亿倍之多。称它为“红”巨星，是因为在这恒星迅速膨胀的同时，它的外表面离中心越来越远，所以温度将随之而降低，发出的光也就越来越偏红。不过，虽然温度降低了一些，可红巨星的体积是如此之大，它的光度也变得很大，极为明亮。红巨星一旦形成，就朝恒星的下一阶段白矮星进发。 [70] 白矮星，是一种低光度、高密度、高温度的恒星。因为颜色呈白色、体积比较矮小，因此被命名为白矮星。 哈勃望远镜观测到白矮星死亡过程 哈勃望远镜观测到白矮星死亡过程 [71] 白矮星是一种很特殊的天体，它的体积小、亮度低，但质量大、密度极高。白矮星是中低质量的恒星的演化路线的终点。在红巨星阶段的末期，恒星的中心会因为温度、压力不足或者核聚变达到铁阶段而停止产生能量。恒星外壳的重力会压缩恒星产生一个高密度的天体。一个典型的稳定独立白矮星具有大约半个太阳质量，比地球略大。这种密度仅次于中子星和夸克星。如果白矮星的质量超过1.4倍太阳质量，那么原子核之间的电荷斥力不足以对抗重力，电子会被压入原子核而形成中子星。原子是由原子核和电子组成的，原子的质量绝大部分集中在原子核上，在巨大的压力之下，电子将脱离原子核，成自由电子。这种自由电子气体将尽可能地占据原子核之间的空隙，从而使单位空间内包含的物质也将大大增多，密度大大提高了。形象地说，这时原子核是“沉浸于”电子中，常称之为“简并态”。 [72] 大多数的恒星内核通过氢核聚变进行燃烧，将质量转变为能量，并产生光和热量，当恒星内部氢燃料完成消耗完后就开始进行氦融合反应，并形成更重的碳和氧，这一过程对于类似太阳这样的恒星而言，就显得较为短暂，并形成碳氧组成的白矮星，如果其质量大于1.4倍太阳质量，就会发生Ia型超新星爆发。 [73] 类星体,20世纪60年代以来，天文学家还找到一种在银河系以外像恒星一样表现为一个光点的天体，但实际上它的光度和质量又和星系一样，我们叫它类星体，现在已发现了数千个这种天体。 [74] 超新星，是恒星演化过程中的一个阶段。超新星爆发是某些恒星在演化接近末期时经历的一种剧烈爆炸。一般认为质量小于9倍太阳质量左右的恒星，在经历引力坍缩的过程后是无法形成超新星的。 [75] 在大质量恒星演化到晚期，内部不能产生新的能量，巨大的引力将整个星体迅速向中心坍缩，将中心物质都压成中子状态，形成中子星，而外层下坍的物质遇到这坚硬的“中子核”反弹引起爆炸。这就成为超新星爆发，质量更大时，中心更可形成黑洞。 [76] 在超新星爆发的过程中所释放的能量，需要我们的太阳燃烧900亿年才能与之相当。 [77] 超新星研究有着关乎人类自身命运的深层意义。如果一颗超新星爆发的位置非常接近地球，目前国际天文学界普遍认为此距离在100光年以内，它就能够对地球的生物圈产生明显的影响，这样的超新星被称为近地超新星。有研究认为，在地球历史上的奥陶纪大灭绝，就是一颗近地超新星引起的，这次灭绝导致当时地球近60%的海洋生物消失。 [78]

　　通过中考、高考的强势变革引导学生从幼升小开始广泛阅读、见多识广，增加考试的范围、广度而不是难度，纠正目前全国上下几十年来早已根深蒂固的课内外教学的“奇、难、偏、怪“问题。三十年高考实践证明，偏题、怪题选拔的人才上限不高。

简单地说就是——学生该掌握的必须掌握，最基础的知识必须掌握，必须掌握的还要掌握牢固。

　　降低学生平时学习负担，摒弃在全国普遍存在的9年义务教育畸形掐尖的严重现象，构建符合学生成长和年龄阶段正常、合理的教育环境，逐渐修补早已破坏深重的国家教育生态。

　　为展现国家的决心和实施的力度，2017年9月新学年开学，全国上下中小学学校教材全都采用重新制定的新版本，以对接国家教育的重大变革。

　　“今后，主要学科的考试将不再有考试大纲，哪个学生的知识越宽广、体系越健全而不是越艰深，哪个学生就会成为教改重大变革最受益的群体成员。”

169. Don't let yesterday use up too much of today. 别留念昨天了，把握好今天吧。(Will Rogers) 170. If you are not brave enough, no one will back you up. 你不勇敢，没人替你坚强。171. If you don't build your dream, someone will hire you to build theirs. 如果你没有梦想，那么你只能为别人的梦想打工。172. Beauty is all around, if you just open your heart to see. 只要你给自己机会，你会发现你的世界可以很美丽。173. The difference in winning and losing is most often...not quitting. 赢与输的差别通常是--不放弃。(华特·迪士尼) 174. I am ordinary yet unique. 我很平凡，但我独一无二。175. I like people who make me laugh in spite of myself. 我喜欢那些让我笑起来的人，就算是我不想笑的时候。176. Image a new story for your life and start living it. 为你的生命想一个全新剧本，并去倾情出演吧！177. I'd rather be a happy fool than a sad sage. 做个悲伤的智者，不如做个开心的傻子。178. The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams. 未来属于那些相信梦想之美的人。(埃莉诺·罗斯福) 179. Even if you get no applause, you should accept a curtain call gracefully and appreciate your own efforts. 即使没有人为你鼓掌，也要优雅的谢幕，感谢自己的认真付出。180. Don't let dream just be your dream. 别让梦想只停留在梦里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 没有笑声的一天是浪费了的一天。(卓别林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，见的世面多了，你会发现原来在意的那些结根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧，管它会怎样。185. A good plan today is better than a perfect plan tomorrow. 今天的好计划胜过明天的完美计划。186. Nothing is impossible, the word itself says 'I'm possible'! 一切皆有可能！“不可能”的意思是：“不，可能。”(奥黛丽·赫本) 187. Life isn't fair, but no matter your circumstances, you have to give it your all. 生活是不公平的，不管你的境遇如何，你只能全力以赴。188. No matter how hard it is, just keep going because you only fail when you give up. 无论多么艰难，都要继续前进，因为只有你放弃的那一刻，你才输了。 When Paul Jobs was mustered out of the Coast Guard after World War II, he made a wager with his crewmates. They had arrived in San Francisco, where their ship was decommissioned, and Paul bet that he would find himself a wife within two weeks. He was a taut, tattooed engine mechanic, six feet tall, with a passing resemblance to James Dean. But it wasn’t his looks that got him a date with Clara Hagopian, a sweet-humored daughter of Armenian immigrants. It was the fact that he and his friends had a car, unlike the group she had originally planned to go out with that evening. Ten days later, in March 1946, Paul got engaged to Clara and won his wager. It would turn out to be a happy marriage, one that lasted until death parted them more than forty years later. Paul Reinhold Jobs had been raised on a dairy farm in Germantown, Wisconsin. Even though his father was an alcoholic and sometimes abusive, Paul ended up with a gentle and calm disposition under his leathery exterior. After dropping out of high school, he wandered through the Midwest picking up work as a mechanic until, at age nineteen, he joined the Coast Guard, even though he didn’t know how to swim. He was deployed on the USS General M. C. Meigs and spent much of the war ferrying troops to Italy for General Patton. His talent as a machinist and fireman earned him commendations, but he occasionally found himself in minor trouble and never rose above the rank of seaman. Clara was born in New Jersey, where her parents had landed after fleeing the Turks in Armenia, and they moved to the Mission District of San Francisco when she was a child. She had a secret that she rarely mentioned to anyone: She had been married before, but her husband had been killed in the war. So when she met Paul Jobs on that first date, she was primed to start a new life. Clara, however, loved San Francisco, and in 1952 she convinced her husband to move back there. They got an apartment in the Sunset District facing the Pacific, just south of Golden Gate Park, and he took a job working for a finance company as a “repo man,” picking the locks of cars whose owners hadn’t paid their loans and repossessing them. He also bought, repaired, and sold some of the cars, making a decent enough living in the process. There was, however, something missing in their lives. They wanted children, but Clara had suffered an ectopic pregnancy, in which the fertilized egg was implanted in a fallopian tube rather than the uterus, and she had been unable to have any. So by 1955, after nine years of marriage, they were looking to adopt a child. Like Paul Jobs, Joanne Schieble was from a rural Wisconsin family of German heritage. Her father, Arthur Schieble, had immigrated to the outskirts of Green Bay, where he and his wife owned a mink farm and dabbled successfully in various other businesses, including real estate and photoengraving. He was very strict, especially regarding his daughter’s relationships, and he had strongly disapproved of her first love, an artist who was not a Catholic. Thus it was no surprise that he threatened to cut Joanne off completely when, as a graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, she fell in love with Abdulfattah “John” Jandali, a Muslim teaching assistant from Syria. Jandali was the youngest of nine children in a prominent Syrian family. His father owned oil refineries and multiple other businesses, with large holdings in Damascus and Homs, and at one point pretty much controlled the price of wheat in the region. His mother, he later said, was a “traditional Muslim woman” who was a “conservative, obedient housewife.” Like the Schieble family, the Jandalis put a premium on education. Abdulfattah was sent to a Jesuit boarding school, even though he was Muslim, and he got an undergraduate degree at the American University in Beirut before entering the University of Wisconsin to pursue a doctoral degree in political science. In the summer of 1954, Joanne went with Abdulfattah to Syria. They spent two months in Homs, where she learned from his family to cook Syrian dishes. When they returned to Wisconsin she discovered that she was pregnant. They were both twenty-three, but they decided not to get married. Her father was dying at the time, and he had threatened to disown her if she wed Abdulfattah. Nor was abortion an easy option in a small Catholic community. So in early 1955, Joanne traveled to San Francisco, where she was taken into the care of a kindly doctor who sheltered unwed mothers, delivered their babies, and quietly arranged closed adoptions. Joanne had one requirement: Her child must be adopted by college graduates. So the doctor arranged for the baby to be placed with a lawyer and his wife. But when a boy was born—on February 24, 1955—the designated couple decided that they wanted a girl and backed out. Thus it was that the boy became the son not of a lawyer but of a high school dropout with a passion for mechanics and his salt-of-the-earth wife who was working as a bookkeeper. Paul and Clara named their new baby Steven Paul Jobs. When Joanne found out that her baby had been placed with a couple who had not even graduated from high school, she refused to sign the adoption papers. The standoff lasted weeks, even after the baby had settled into the Jobs household. Eventually Joanne relented, with the stipulation that the couple promise—indeed sign a pledge—to fund a savings account to pay for the boy’s college education. There was another reason that Joanne was balky about signing the adoption papers. Her father was about to die, and she planned to marry Jandali soon after. She held out hope, she would later tell family members, sometimes tearing up at the memory, that once they were married, she could get their 别让梦想只停留在梦里。181. A day without laughter is a day wasted. 没有笑声的一天是浪费了的一天。(卓别林) 182. Travel and see the world; afterwards, you will be able to put your concerns in perspective. 去旅行吧，见的世面多了，你会发现原来在意的那些结根本算不了什么。183. The key to acquiring proficiency in any task is repetition. 任何事情成功关键都是熟能生巧。《生活大爆炸》 184. You can be happy no matter what. 开心一点吧，管它会怎样。baby boy back. Arthur Schieble died in August 1955, after the adoption was finalized. Just after Christmas that year, Joanne and Abdulfattah were married in St. Philip the Apostle Catholic Church in Green Bay. He got his PhD in international politics the next year, and then they had another child, a girl named Mona. After she and Jandali divorced in 1962, Joanne embarked on a dreamy and peripatetic life that her daughter, who grew up to become the acclaimed novelist Mona Simpson, would capture in her book Anywhere but Here. Because Steve’s adoption had been closed, it would be twenty years before they would all find each other. Steve Jobs knew from an early age that he was adopted. “My parents were very open with me about that,” he recalled. He had a vivid memory of sitting on the lawn of his house, when he was six or seven years old, telling the girl who lived across the street. “So does that mean your real parents didn’t want you?” the girl asked. “Lightning bolts went off in my head,” according to Jobs. “I remember running into the house, crying. And my parents said, ‘No, you have to understand.’ They were very serious and looked me straight in the eye. They said, ‘We specifically picked you out.’ Both of my parents said that and repeated it slowly for me. And they put an emphasis on every word in that sentence.” Abandoned. Chosen. Special. Those concepts became part of who Jobs was and how he regarded himself. His closest friends think that the knowledge that he was given up at birth left some scars. “I think his desire for complete control of whatever he makes derives directly from his personality and the fact that he was abandoned at birth,” said one longtime colleague, Del Yocam. “He wants to control his environment, and he sees the product as an extension of himself.” Greg Calhoun, who became close to Jobs right after college, saw another effect. “Steve talked to me a lot about being abandoned and the pain that caused,” he said. “It made him independent. He followed the beat of a different drummer, and that came from being in a different world than he was born into.” Later in life, when he was the same age his biological father had been when he abandoned him, Jobs would father and abandon a child of his own. (He eventually took responsibility for her.) Chrisann Brennan, the mother of that child, said that being put up for adoption left Jobs “full of broken glass,” and it helps to explain some of his behavior. “He who is abandoned is an abandoner,” she said. Andy Hertzfeld, who worked with Jobs at Apple in the early 1980s, is among the few who remained close to both Brennan and Jobs. “The key question about Steve is why he can’t control himself at times from being so reflexively cruel and harmful to some people,” he said. “That goes back to being abandoned at birth. The real underlying problem was the theme of abandonment in Steve’s life.” Jobs dismissed this. “There’s some notion that because I was abandoned, I worked very hard so I could do well and make my parents wish they had me back, or some such nonsense, but that’s ridiculous,” he insisted. “Knowing I was adopted may have made me feel more independent, but I have never felt abandoned. I’ve always felt special. My parents made me feel special.” He would later bristle whenever anyone referred to Paul and Clara Jobs as his “adoptive” parents or implied that they were not his “real” parents. “They were my parents 1,000%,” he said. When speaking about his biological parents, on the other hand, he was curt: “They were my sperm and egg bank. That’s not harsh, it’s just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more.” Silicon Valley The childhood that Paul and Clara Jobs created for their new son was, in many ways, a stereotype of the late 1950s. When Steve was two they adopted a girl they named Patty, and three years later they moved to a tract house in the suburbs. The finance company where Paul worked as a repo man, CIT, had transferred him down to its Palo Alto office, but he could not afford to live there, so they landed in a subdivision in Mountain View, a less expensive town just to the south. There Paul tried to pass along his love of mechanics and cars. “Steve, this is your workbench now,” he said as he marked off a section of the table in their garage. Jobs remembered being impressed by his father’s focus on craftsmanship. “I thought my dad’s sense of design was pretty good,” he said, “because he knew how to build anything. If we needed a cabinet, he would build it. When he built our fence, he gave me a hammer so I could work with him.” Fifty years later the fence still surrounds the back and side yards of the house in Mountain View. As Jobs showed it off to me, he caressed the stockade panels and recalled a lesson that his father implanted deeply in him. It was important, his father said, to craft the backs of cabinets and fences properly, even though they were hidden. “He loved doing things right. He even cared about the look of the parts you couldn’t see.” His father continued to refurbish and resell used cars, and he festooned the garage with pictures of his favorites. He would point out the detailing of the design to his son: the lines, the vents, the chrome, the trim of the seats. After work each day, he would change into his dungarees and retreat to the garage, often with Steve tagging along. “I figured I could get him nailed down with a little mechanical ability, but he really wasn’t interested in getting his hands dirty,” Paul later recalled. “He never really cared too much about m189. It requires hard work to give off an appearance of effortlessness. 你必须十分努力，才能看起来毫不费力。190. Life is like riding a bicycle.To keep your balance,you must keep moving. 人生就像骑单车，只有不断前进，才能保持平衡。(爱因斯坦) 191. Be thankful for what you have.You'll end up having more. 拥有一颗感恩的心，最终你会得到更多。192. Beauty is how you feel inside, and it reflects in your eyes. 美是一种内心的感觉，并反映在你的眼睛里。(索菲亚·罗兰) 193. Friendship doubles your joys, and divides your sorrows. 朋友的作用，就是让你快乐加倍，痛苦减半。194. When you long for something sincerely, the whole world will help you. 当你真心渴望某样东西时，整个宇宙都会来帮忙。echanical things.” “I wasn’t that into fixing cars,” Jobs admitted. “But I was eager to hang out with my dad.” Even as he was growing more aware that he had been adopted, he was becoming more attached to his father. One day when he was about eight, he discovered a photograph of his father from his time in the Coast Guard. “He’s in the engine room, and he’s got his shirt off and looks like James Dean. It was one of those Oh wow moments for a kid. Wow, oooh, my parents were actually once very young and really good-looking.” Through cars, his father gave Steve his first exposure to electronics. “My dad did not have a deep understanding of electronics, but he’d encountered it a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix. He showed me the rudiments of electronics, and I got very interested in that.” Even more interesting were the trips to scavenge for parts. “Every weekend, there’d be a junkyard trip. We’d be looking for a generator, a carburetor, all sorts of components.” He remembered watching his father negotiate at the counter. “He was a good bargainer, because he knew better than the guys at the counter what the parts should cost.” This helped fulfill the pledge his parents made when he was adopted. “My college fund came from my dad paying $50 for a Ford Falcon or some other beat-up car that didn’t run, working on it for a few weeks, and selling it for $250—and not telling the IRS.” The Jobses’ house and the others in their neighborhood were built by the real estate developer Joseph Eichler, whose company spawned more than eleven thousand homes in various California subdivisions between 1950 and 1974. Inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright’s vision of simple modern homes for the American “everyman,” Eichler built inexpensive houses that featured floor-to-ceiling glass walls, open floor plans, exposed post-and-beam construction, concrete slab floors, and lots of sliding glass doors. “Eichler did a great thing,” Jobs said on one of our walks around the neighborhood. “His houses were smart and cheap and good. They brought clean design and simple taste to lower-income people. They had awesome little features, like radiant heating in the floors. You put carpet on them, and we had nice toasty floors when we were kids.” Jobs said that his appreciation for Eichler homes instilled in him a passion for making nicely designed products for the mass market. “I love it when you can bring really great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much,” he said as he pointed out the clean elegance of the houses. “It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” Across the street from the Jobs family lived a man who had become successful as a real estate agent. “He wasn’t that bright,” Jobs recalled, “but he seemed to be making a fortune. So my dad thought, ‘I can do that.’ He worked so hard, I remember. He took these night classes, passed the license test, and got into real estate. Then the bottom fell out of the market.” As a result, the family found itself financially strapped for a year or so while Steve was in elementary school. His mother took a job as a bookkeeper for Varian Associates, a company that made scientific instruments, and they took out a second mortgage. One day his fourth-grade teacher asked him, “What is it you don’t understand about the universe?” Jobs replied, “I don’t understand why all of a sudden my dad is so broke.” He was proud that his father never adopted a servile attitude or slick style that may have made him a better salesman. “You had to suck up to people to sell real estate, and he wasn’t good at that and it wasn’t in his nature. I admired him for that.” Paul Jobs went back to being a mechanic. His father was calm and gentle, traits that his son later praised more than emulated. He was also resolute. Jobs described one exampl What made the neighborhood different from the thousands of other spindly-tree subdivisions across America was that even the ne’er-do-wells tended to be engineers. “When we moved here, there were apricot and plum orchards on all of these corners,” Jobs recalled. “But it was beginning to boom because of military investment.” He soaked up the history of the valley and developed a yearning to play his own role. Edwin Land of Polaroid later told him about being asked by Eisenhower to help build the U-2 spy plane cameras to see how real the Soviet threat was. The film was dropped in canisters and returned to the NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, not far from where Jobs lived. “The first computer terminal I ever saw was when my dad brought me to the Ames Center,” he said. “I fell totally in love with it.” Other defense contractors sprouted nearby during the 1950s. The Lockheed Missiles and Space Division, which built submarine-launched ballistic missiles, was founded in 1956 next to the NASA Center; by the time Jobs moved to the area four years later, it employed twenty thousand people. A few hundred yards away, Westinghouse built facilities that produced tubes and electrical transformers for the missile systems. “You had all these military companies on the cutting edge,” he recalled. “It was mysterious and high-tech and made living here very exciting.” In the wake of the defense industries there arose a booming economy based on technology. Its roots stretched back to 1938, when David Packard and his new wife moved into a house in Palo Alto that had a shed where his friend Bill Hewlett was soon ensconced. The house had a garage—an appendage that would prove both useful and iconic in the valley—in which they tinkered around until they had their first product, an audio oscillator. By the 1950s, Hewlett-Packard was a fast-growing company making technical instruments. Fortunately there was a place nearby for entrepreneurs who had outgrown their garages. In a move that would help transform the area into the cradle of the tech revolution, Stanford University’s dean of engineering, Frederick Terman, created a seven-hundred-acre industrial park on university land for private companies that could commercialize the ideas of his students. Its first tenant was Varian Associates, where Clara Jobs worked. “Terman came up with this great idea that did more than anything to cause the tech industry to grow up here,” Jobs said. By the time Jobs was ten, HP had nine thousand employees and was the blue-chip company where every engineer seeking financial stability wanted to work. The most important technology for the region’s growth was, of course, the semiconductor. William Shockley, who had been one of the inventors of the transistor at Bell Labs in New Jersey, moved out to Mountain View and, in 1956, started a company to build transistors using silicon rather than the more expensive germanium that was then commonly used. But Shockley became increasingly erratic and abandoned his silicon transistor project, which led eight of his engineers—most notably Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore—to break away to form Fairchild Semiconductor. That company grew to twelve thousand employees, but it fragmented in 1968, when Noyce lost a power struggle to become CEO. He took Gordon Moore and founded a company that they called Integrated Electronics Corporation, which they soon smartly abbreviated to Intel. Their third employee was Andrew Grove, who later would grow the company by shifting its focus from memory chips to microprocessors. Within a few years there would be more than fifty companies in the area making semiconductors. The exponential growth of this industry was correlated with the phenomenon famously discovered by Moore, who in 1965 drew a graph of the speed of integrated circuits, based on the number of transistors that could be placed on a chip, and showed that it doubled about every two years, a trajectory that could be expected to continue. This was reaffirmed in 1971, when Intel was able to etch a complete central processing unit onto one chip, the Intel 4004, tronic amplifier. “So I raced home, and I told my dad that he was wrong.” “No, it needs an amplifier,” his father assured him. When Steve protested otherwise, his father said he was crazy. “It can’t work without an amplifier. There’s some trick.” “I kept saying no to my dad, telling him he had to see it, and finally he actually walked down with me and saw it. And he said, ‘Well I’ll be a bat out of hell.’” Jobs recalled the incident vividly because it was his first realization that his father did not know everything. Then a more disconcerting discovery began to dawn on him: He was smarter than his parents. He had always admired his father’s competence and savvy. “He was not an educated man, but I had always thought he was pretty damn smart. He didn’t read much, but he could do a lot. Almost everything mechanical, he could figure it out.” Yet the carbon microphone incident, Jobs said, began a jarring process of realizing that he was in fact more clever and quick than his parents. “It was a very big moment that’s burned into my mind. When I realized that I was smarter than my parents, I felt tremendous shame for having thought that. I will never forget that moment.” This discovery, he later told friends, along with the fact that he was adopted, made him feel apart—detached and separate—from both his family and the world. Another layer of awareness occurred soon after. Not only did he discover that he was brighter than his parents, but he discovered that they knew this. Paul and Clara Jobs were loving parents, and they were willing to adapt their lives to suit a son who was very smart—and also willful. They would go to great lengths to accommodate him. And soon Steve discovered this fact as well. “Both my parents got me. They felt a lot of responsibility once they sensed that I was special. They found ways to keep feeding me stuff and putting me in better schools. They were willing to defer to my needs.” So he grew up not only with a sense of having once been abandoned, but also with a sense that he was special. In his own mind, that was more important in the formation of his personality. School Even before Jobs started elementary school, his mother had taught him how to read. This, however, led to some problems once he got to school. “I was kind of bored for the first few years

　　二、改变“一考定终身”的不公平

　　2017年起，在高考招录中会采用“两依据一参考”政策，即依据高考统考成绩和高中学业水平考试成绩，参考高中学生综合素质评价内容。

　　即，以后全中国的高考科目采用“3 3”模式，高考成绩由语文、数学、外语3门统一高考成绩和3门（物理、生物、化学、历史、地理、政治6科中选3科）学生自主选择的高中学业水平考试科目成绩构成，作为高等学校录取的基本依据。

　　新高考改革的一个重大突破，就是将高中学生的综合评价内容作为招生录取时的参考。从“招分”转向“招人”，打破了过去以分数录取学生、一考定终身的弊端。

　　三、所有科目，都将考验语文水平

　　改变中国高考几十年来文理分科带来的偏科、知识面狭窄、过早抑制学生可塑性等的严重弊端。

点击查看：邓小平从毛泽东手里接过一个什么样的中国？你所不知道的秘密！

“从幼升小一直到高考更大地鼓励每个学生增加各学科知识的宽度、广度而不是深度。”

　　将最大限度地提升全体学生的广泛阅读水平，让每个学生在全程12年的基础教育中逐步建立感兴趣的学科方向。高质量的阅读需要高水平的语文学习，语文重点突出中国优秀传统文化。

　　2017年北京高考语文如下图：

　　没有广泛的语文阅读积累是很难完成的。

　　“此外，今后的高考所有科目都会是对语文的持续考察。”

　　举例：

　　原来参加高考做数学卷子可能所有的考题题面只有2000多字，以后的题面阅读量也许会有5000多字甚至更多，阅读、语文水平欠佳，做题速度、理解水平等都会受到很大影响，有的考生甚至连题都没时间做完。

　　而这一切将反映在今后所有高考科目中。

　　有趣的是，据了解，在北京，原来通过奥数掐尖来的很多知名重点中学，正在前所未有地通过多种办法，去迫不及待地提高那些奥数牛孩的语文和人文素养。

　　四、中国的“高考指挥棒”将完全指向全面素质教育

　　（1）分类考试，不再只用分数选人

　　以后的新高考、中考不再完全以分数作为选拔人才的唯一依据。原来只用分数这一把尺子选人，淘汰了太多本不该淘汰的“精英“，严重导致中国人口众多而成材率却明显偏低。

　　“一个明显的改变是，新高考方案中有一个很大的亮点就是实行分类考试，也就是高职院校与普通高校的考试招生分开进行。”

　　一个人喜欢干什么、适合干什么、能干什么、想干什么就去接受与之对应的高等教育。

　　但是目前受传统观念的影响，中国的老百姓普遍不认可高等职业教育，他们总感觉职业院校低人一等，所以新高考方案中的分类考试没有引起足够的反响，也没有起到应有的作用。

　　（2）学校从幼升小便要开始注重培养兴趣、特长

　　中国今后的高考录取将完全改变旧有的录取模式，先取消三本院校，并逐步实施按照专业录取，改变一直持续至今的按照一本、二本、三本院校分数线录取的方式。

　　2017年先行试点新高考的浙江省，每个学生将可填报80个专业，就是要充分挖掘出每个考生真正的兴趣、特长、爱好等的方向，北京及全国其他地方2020年也已经正式确定采取这样的大学录取方向。

　　要想给自己的孩子选到最好的专业方向，最大限度确保孩子从“成人”到“成才”再到“成功”，兴趣、特长、爱好的建立必须从小不间断发现、引导和培养，幼升小时就成为开始学校这方面教育培养的起点。

　　（3）应试教育办学模式将被淘汰

　　顾明远深刻指出，将来高考制度彻底改革了，应试教育的办学模式将来肯定是要被淘汰的。

新高考改革最终就是要改变这种现状，彻底改变“应试教育是管用的”这种观念，虽然改变的过程可能比较漫长，尤其是观念的转变非常困难。

　　众所周知，中国的应试教育持续了几十年，产生了错综复杂的利益共同体，也培植了以应试教育为起点的多如牛毛的辅导机构，更形成了几代人挥之不去的强烈而顽固的应试教育情节，全社会推崇应试教育的观念、力量、手段目前依然固若金汤。

　　不过，既然中央最高层下了决心，从幼升小到高考史无前例地不断推出全方位颠覆性的重大变革以对接上教育的规律和全球教育发展的趋势，相信即便有最大的挣扎也难撼变革的总方向。

　　五、降低小升初选拔难度

　　偏重搞全面素质教育而放弃传统的应试教育，题中应有之意必然是降低小升初的强选拔性，使小学、初中教育逐步均衡并优质。其中有三大举措目前看是最见效的。

　　第一，将普通小学纳入优质教育学校或教育集团并实现直升优质教育初中校；

　　第二，强推贯通培养。不仅小升初有优质初中校直升，初中校的学生也会建立直升优质高中的机制，以北京为例，2018年就会逐步开始推进；

　　第三，通过“校额到校”机制，让更多普通初中校的学生能进入重点高中就读。目前山东青岛的校额到校比例已经达到了65%。

　　六、中国教育体制“迫不及待”需要拔尖创新人才

　　恢复高考40年，改革开放近40年，当时中国各方面人才曾极度匮乏，因此中国教育这40年来亟需“复制”大量人才，这种人才复制的教育培养机制为中国经济的高速增长发挥了极其重大的作用。

　　随着自然资源消耗持续加剧、环境污染日益深重、GDP迅速回落，目前的中国最急需的就是创新，创新要靠拔尖创新人才，拔尖创新人才的培养需要相适应的教育体制和机制。

　　欧美主要发达国家拔尖创新人才层出不穷，从产出概率来讲远胜我们，应试教育是封闭的教育，封闭的教育难以造就开放的环境从而产生大量拔尖创新人才，中国教育的大变革可以说是迫不及待了，也时不我待！

　　七、实施素质教育促进中国诚信体系的重建

　　很多发达国家的孩子学的课本比我们容易，课后玩的时间也比我们多，许多国家还没有统一的类似我国高考的选拔机制，但并没耽误高端、拔尖创新人才的培养，获得世界级科技奖的人数远比我们多。

　　这从一个侧面更印证了应试教育存在着严重的弊端。

　　不过，当一个制度很公平、看似机会相等的时候，即便它千疮百孔也很难让人舍弃。

　　其实，大家最担心的是如果真搞了全面素质教育，那就远不像应试教育那样有分数的严格量化标准了，钱权交易怎么办、走后门怎么办、权力寻租怎么办？！

　　“因此，在我们目前缺乏诚信体系的情况下，搞真正的全面素质教育就要促进国家诚信体系的建立。”

　　在没有完全搞出这些机制前，中国的全面素质教育走向是很独特的，没有照抄照搬任何国家，是一个多方面的集合体，以避免出现不可控的的不公平。

　　中国搞素质教育是急需，诚信体系建立是渐进，虽有矛盾，但毕竟是大方向，需要我们开始渐变，真的需要转向了！

　　八、生涯教育规划必将日益重要

　　全面素质教育内容庞杂，体系众多，远不像应试教育那么单一，既要瞻前顾后又要恰如其分，需要很客观全面的把握和策略。

　　“顾明远教授在这方面也指出，生涯教育主要是告诉孩子怎么了解自己，怎么了解他人，知道自己的优点和缺点，对自己有一个全面的认识，从而提前对将来的学习和人生进行规划。

　　全面素质教育如果失去了对每个学生学涯教育和生涯教育的规划，很容易偏离方向。

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