被动语态归纳初中（初中语法24讲第16讲）

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被动语态归纳初中

第 份

初中语法讲义被动语态 年 月 日

第16章 被动语态

语态是动词的一种形式，用来说明句中主语和谓语动词的关系。如果主语是动作的执行者，则使用主动语态；如果主语是动作的承受者，则使用被动语态。被动语态的句子以“be动词 过去分词”的形式来表达。主动语态变为被动语态时，将主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语，将主动谓语变为被动谓语，将主动语态的主语变为by短语。本章讲解被动语态的构成、类型、使用时的注意事项，以及从主动语态如何变为被动语态。

典型例句：Many people speak English.（主动语态）

English is spoken by many people.（被动语态）（许多人说英语。）

1.被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be动词 过去分词”构成，如果要特别强调动作或行为的执行者时，句子后面需接by...，译为“被/由……”。其中be动词要根据人称、数和时态发生变化，be动词后面的过去分词不变。

1.被动语态的时态

被动语态的各种时态是通过be动词的时态变化来体现的，be动词是什么时态，全句就是什么时态。以动词give为例，其被动语态的十种时态的构成如下表：

式 时	一般	进行	完成
现在	am/is/are given	am/is/are being given	has/have been given
过去	was/were given	was/were being given	had been given
将来	shall/will be given	—	shall/will have been given
过去将来	should/would be given	—	should/would have been given

重要：大部分动词都有以下五种变化形式（以use为例）：

原形：use；现在时：use，uses；过去时：used；现在分词：using；过去分词：used

A.一般现在时

History is made by the people.（历史是人民创造的。）

Confucius’ works are still read by many people today.（今天孔子的论著仍被许多人阅读。）

B.一般过去时

The abacus was invented in the sixth century.（算盘发明于6世纪。）

The Eiffel Tower was completed in 1989.（埃菲尔铁塔建成于1889年。）

C.一般将来时

Liuxiang will also be asked to appear in advertisements and films.

（刘翔也将被邀请去拍广告和电影。）

More subway lines will be built in the future.（将来会建造更多的地铁线路。）

D.过去将来时

Toby said the new hotel would be built in six months.

（托比说6个月后新旅馆就会建好的。）

E.现在进行时

A new railway is being built.（一条新的铁路正在修建中。）

F.过去进行时

The roads were being widened then.（路那时正在拓宽。）

G.现在完成时

These plants have been grown without the use of any chemicals.

（种植这些植物未使用任何化学物质。）

H.过去完成时

A new hotel had been built when I got there.（我到那儿时，一座新旅馆已经建好了。）

I.将来完成时

Many new stadiums and gyms will have been built in London by next year.

（到明年许多新的体育场馆将在伦敦建成。）

J.过去将来完成时

The day was drawing near when the reservoir would have been completed.

（离水库完工的日子不远了。）

比较：将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并常会对将来某一时间产生一定影响。

过去将来完成时表示从过去时刻预计将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并常会对那时产生一定影响。

2.被动语态的句型

（1）被动语态的肯定句

句型：主语 be 过去分词 (by...).

The child is well loved by people.（这个孩子很招人喜爱。）

People in the world are influenced by Confucius’ thoughts.

（世界上的人们受到孔子思想的影响。）

（2）被动语态的否定句

句型：主语 be not 过去分词 (by...).

Mark Twain isn’t known as a great thinker.

（马克·吐温并不是作为伟大的思想家而闻名于世。）

The battery wasn’t charged yesterday.（电池昨天没有充电。）

（3）被动语态的一般疑问句

句型：Be 主语 过去分词 (by...)?

Was The Adventures of Tom Sawyer written by Mark Twain?

（《汤姆·索亚历险记》是马克·吐温写的吗？）

A:Were Spiderman and Batman made into television plays?

（《蜘蛛侠》和《蝙蝠侠》都被制作成了电视剧吗？）

B:Yes,they were.（是的。）/No,they weren’t.（不，不是的。）

（4）被动语态的特殊疑问句

句型：疑问词 be 主语 过去分词 (by...)?

A:What language is spoken in China?（在中国讲什么语言？） B:Chinese.（汉语。）

A:Who was the flying saucer invented by?（飞碟是由谁发明的？）

B:It was invented by college students.（它是由大学生发明的。）

A:When was the telephone invented?（电话是什么时候发明的？）

B:It was invented in 1876.（它是1876年被发明的。）

2.主动语态变为被动语态

被动语态由“be动词 过去分词”构成，过去分词保持不变，所有的变化即人称、数、时态的变化，都体现在be动词的变化上。如果能够掌握好be动词的变化，就很容易掌握被动语态。

主动句：The naughty boy（主语）broke（谓语）the window（宾语）yesterday.（状语）

被动句：The window（主语）was broken（谓语）by the naughty by（介词短语）yesterday.（状语）

主动句：昨天这个淘气的男孩打破了这扇窗户。

被动句：昨天这扇窗户被这个淘气的男孩打破了。

He（主语）sold（谓语）some of the fish（宾语）yesterday.（状语）

（昨天他卖掉了一部分鱼。）

→Some of the fish（主语）were sold（谓语）by him（宾语）yesterday.（状语）

（昨天一部分鱼被他卖掉了。）

They（主语）don’t use（谓语）the room.（宾语）

（他们未使用这个房间。）

→The room（主语）is not used（谓语）by them.（宾语）

（这个房间未被他们使用。）

注意：把主动语态改写为被动语态时，be动词的人称和数要根据新主语的人称和数变化，但时态要与主动语态一样。

Did Tom（主语）use（谓语）it?（谓语）（汤姆用过它吗？）

→Was it（主语）used（谓语）by Tom?（宾语）（它被汤姆用过吗？）

Where did you（主语）make（谓语）that dress?（宾语）（你在哪儿做的那件衣服？）

→Where was that dress（主语）made（谓语）(by you)?（宾格）（那件衣服是在哪儿做的？）

3.被动语态的几种类型

由于主动语态的结构不同，其转化成被动语态时的表达方式也各有不同。下面分别讲解不同结构主动语态的被动语态形式。

1.由及物动词构成的被动语态

（1）有一个宾语的句子（SVO）的被动语态

主动句：S（主） V（谓） O（宾）

被动句：S（原宾语） be 过去分词 by O（原主语的宾格形式）

Farmers（主语）grow（谓语）rice（宾语）is spring.（农民们在春天种植水稻。）

→Rice（主语）is grown（谓语）by farmers（宾语）in spring.（水稻在春天被农民们种植。）

Thousands of tourists（主语）will visit（谓语）Kunming（宾语）this year.

（今年将会有成千上万的观光旅客浏览昆明。）

→Kunming（主语）will be visited（谓语）by thousands of tourists（宾语）this year.

（今年昆明将会被成千上万的观光旅客游览。）

（2）有两个宾语的句子（SVOO）的被动语态

主动句：S（主） V（谓） IO（间接宾语） DO（直接宾语）

被动句：S（原IO） be 过去分词 原DO by 原主语的宾格

S（原DO） be 过去分词 介词 原IO by 原主语的宾格

（1）主动语态里有两个宾语（间接宾语和直接宾语）时，可以用其中的任何一个宾语作被动语态的主语，剩下的宾语保留在过去分词之后，称为保留宾语。

（2）用直接宾语（DO）作被动语态的主语时，保留在过去分词后面的保留宾语之前要加一个适当的介词，如to，for，of等。

Lenin（主语）showed（谓语）the guard（间接宾语）his pass.（直接宾语）

（列宁把通行证给卫兵看了。）

→The guard（间接宾语作主语）was shown the pass (by Lenin).（卫兵看了通行证。）

→The pass（直接宾语作主语）was shown to the guard (by Lenin).（通行证给卫兵看了。）

I（主语）have asked（谓语）Brown（间接引语）the question.（直接宾语）

（我已经问了布朗这个问题了。）

→Brown（间接宾语作主语）has been asked the question (by me).（布朗被问了这个问题。）

→The question（直接宾语作主语）has been asked to Brown (by me).（这个问题我问布朗了。）

A.可有两种被动语态的动词

award奖励；颁奖	buy买	give给	leave离开	lend借给
offer提供	pay支付	teach教授	tell告诉	show展示；指示；引导

He lent me a bike.（他借给我一辆自行车。）

→A bike was lent to me (by him).（一辆自行车被（他）借给我了。）

→I was lent a bike (by him).（我被（他）借给了一辆自行车。）

B.通常用直接宾语作被动语态主语的动词

bring拿来；带来	do做；制作	make制作
pass传递	sell出售；卖	send送；寄
sing唱歌	sew缝制	write写（信）

He wrote her a letter.（他写给她一封信。）

→A letter was written to her by him.（符合习惯）

→She was written a letter by him.（不合习惯）

My aunt sewed me a skirt.（我姨妈给我做了条裙子。）

→A skirt was sewed for me by my aunt.（符合习惯）

→I was made a skirt by my aunt.（不合习惯）

C.通常用间接宾语作被动语态主语的动词

answer回答	deny否认；拒绝	envy嫉妒；羡慕
refuse拒绝；谢绝	save解救；节省；保存	spare节约；分出

I refused him the invitation.（我拒绝邀请他。）

→He was refused the invitation by me.（符合习惯）

→The invitation was refused him by me.（不合习惯）

The authorities refused James a passport.（当局拒绝发给詹姆斯护照。）

→James was refused a passport by the authorities.（符合习惯）

→A passport was refused James by the authorities.（不合习惯）

（3）含有宾语补足语的句子（SVOC）的被动语态

主动句：S（主） V（谓） O（宾） C（宾语补足语）

被动句：S（原宾语） be 过去分词 C by O（原主语的宾格形式）

有宾语补足语的主动语态改为被动语态时，补足语放在过去分词之后，其位置虽然保持不变，但语法功能变了——此时的补足语不再是宾语补足语，而变成了主语补足语。

We（主语）call（谓语）her（宾语）a beauty.（宾补）（我们叫她“美女”。）

→She（主语）is called（谓语）a beauty（主补）(by us).（她被（我们）称为“美女”。）

They（主语）will make（谓语）Beijing（宾语）more beautiful.（宾补）

（他们将会把北京建设得更美丽。）

→Beijing（主语）will be made（谓语）more beautiful（主补）(by them).

（北京将被建设得更美丽。）

Children（主语）saw（谓语）the balloons（宾语）rising.（宾补）

（孩子们看着气球升上去了。）

→The balloons（主语）were seen（谓语）rising（主补）(by children).（气球被看着升上去了。）

He（主语）saw（谓语）a thief（宾语）steal something from the room.（宾补）

（他看见一个小偷从屋子里偷了东西。）

→A thief（主语）was seen（谓语）to steal something from the room.（主补）

（一个小偷被看见从屋子里偷了东西。）

注意：所有带不定式宾语补足语的动词，在变为被动语态时，不定式前都要加to。特别是感官动词（see，watch，look at，observe，listen to，hear，feel等）和使役动词（make，have等），在主语语态的句子中，宾语补足语前省略to；在变为被动语态时，主语补足语前一律加to。但含有let的句子在变为被动语态时，to可以省略。

2.由短语动词构成的被动语态

一般情况下，只有及物动词后面能跟宾语，而不及物动词后面不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词则没有。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个短语动词，相当于一个及物动词，这时它就可以有被动语态。

主动句：S（主） V（不及物动词） 介词 O（宾）

被动句：S（原宾语） be 过去分词 介词 by O（原主语的宾格形式）

在短语动词结构中，动词和介词的关系非常密切，已经形成一个固定的搭配，介词的位置是固定的，不能随意变动。

She looks after her grandmother.（她照顾她的奶奶。）

→Her grandmother is looked after (by her).

（她的奶奶被（她）照顾。/她的奶奶得到（她的）照顾。）

A truck is running over a bag.（卡车正辗过一个袋子。）

→A bag is being run over (by a truck).（一个袋子正被（卡车）辗过。）

必背：由“动词 介词”形成的短语动词

agree on达成协议	agree to同意	arrive at/in到达
call on号召	depend on依靠	dream of梦到
fire at向……开火	get to到达	hear of听说
improve upon改进	insist on坚持	laugh at嘲笑
listen to听	look after照看；照顾	look at看
look down upon看不起	operate on给（某人）动手术	pay attention to注意
run over辗过	send for请；召唤	talk about谈论
take care of关心；照顾	wait for等待

重要：由被动语态形成的动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式，不需再加by。

be covered with用……覆盖着	be interested in对……感兴趣
be made of/from用……制造的	be surprised at对……感到惊奇

3.由情态动词构成的被动语态

The person must be taken care of by his son.（这个人一定要由他儿子照顾。）

含有情态动词的句子变为被动语态时，在情态动词后面直接加上be动词即可，它的句型如下：

肯定句：主语 情态动词（can，may，must等） be（原形） 过去分词……

否定句：主语 情态动词 not be 过去分词……

疑问句：情态动词（Can，May，Must等） 主语 be 过去分词……？

We can easily download music from the Internet.（我们可以很容易地从互联网上下载音乐。）

→Music can be easily downloaded from the Internet.（音乐可以很容易地从互联网上下载。）

You mustn’t touch the exhibits in the museum.（你不可以触摸博物馆里的展览品。）

→The exhibits in the museum mustn’t be touched.（博物馆里的展览品不可以被触摸。）

We should show our individuality in our behaviour and studies.

（我们应该在我们的行为举止和学习上体现个性。）

→Our individuality should be shown in our behaviour and studies.

（我们的个性应该体现在我们的行为举止和学习上。）

She ought to tidy up her bedroom.（她应该整理卧室。）

→Her bedroom ought to be tidied up.（她的卧室应该被整理。）

They needn’t look after the little child.（他们不必照看这个小孩。）

→The little child needn’t be looked after (by them).（这个小孩不必被（他们）照看。）

Can you see an exhibition about Ancient Technology?（你能看到关于古代科技的展览吗？）

→Can an exhibition about Ancient Technology be seen?

（关于古代科技的展览能够被看到吗？）

Dare you catch that hedgehog?（你敢去抓那只刺猬吗？）

→Dare that hedgehog be caught (by you)?（那只刺猬（你）敢去抓吗？）

重要：“be going to 动词原形”句型变为被动语态时，我们把be going to看成一个词，就如同情态动词can一样，因此它的被动语态应该是“be going to be 过去分词”。

He is going to check his E-mail.（他正打算查看电子邮件。）

→His E-mail is going to be checked (by him).

She is going to see a movie this evening.（今天晚上她打算看一场电影。）

→A movie is going to be seen this evening (by her).

Are you going to wash all these glasses?（你准备洗所有这些玻璃杯吗？）

→Are all these glasses going to be washed (by you)?

4.祈使句的被动语态

（1）当主动句为肯定祈使句时

主动句：V（原形） O（宾）

被动句：Let O（原宾语） be（原形） 过去分词

Empty the rubbish bin at once!（立刻清空垃圾箱！）

→Let the rubbish bin（原宾语）be emptied at once!

（2）当主动句为否定祈使句时

主动句：Don’t V（原形） O（宾）

被动句：Don’t let O（原宾语） be（原形） 过去分词

Don’t tell the truth to him.（别告诉他事情的真相。）

→Don’t let the truth（原宾语）be told to him.

4.被动语态的注意事项

（1）适用于被动语态的情况

A.不知道或无需知道谁是动作的执行者时，使用被动语态。

Plato’s work are called The Dialogues.（柏拉图的作品被称为《对话录》。）

The book was written for Chinese children.（这本书是为中国儿童编写的。）

Printing was developed greatly at the beginning of the 11th century.

（印刷术在11世纪初期有了很大发展。）

B.需要突出或强调动作的强调者时，使用被动语态。

Liuxiang’s skill at hurdling was noticed by his coach Sun Haiping.

（刘翔在跨栏赛跑方面的技能被他的教练孙海平注意到了。）

Basketball was invented by an American teacher named James Naismith.

（篮球运动是由一位名叫詹姆斯·奈史密斯的美国老师发明的。）

（2）主动语态不能变为被动语态的情况

当宾语是反身代词或当谓语是表状态的及物动词时，主动语态是不能变为被动语态的。

A.当宾语是反身代词时

The man introduced himself as Mr.Parker.（那个人自我介绍说他是帕克先生。）

I found myself in the park.（我不知不觉来到公园里。）

B.当谓语是表状态的及物动词时

Does the pair of new shoes suit you?（那双新鞋你穿着合适吗？）

We will have a meeting.（我们将开个会。）

说明：have是表状态的及物动词，不能变为被动语态，而如果该句用了hold则可变为被动语态，见下例：（⚪）A meeting will be held.（×）A meeting will be had.

（3）被动语态与系表结构的区别

“be 过去分词”可能是被动语态，也可能是系表结构，其主要区别是：被动语态表示以主语为承受者的动作，而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态。

The letter was written yesterday.（信是昨天写的。）（动作）

The letter is written in English.（这封信是用英文写的。）（特点）

The store was closed at five.（这个商店5点钟关门。）（动作）

The store is close today.（这个商店今天不开门。）（状态）

补充：为了明确说明该被动语态是表示动作的，可用get来代替be动词。

My bike got stolen.（我的自行车被偷了。）（got代替was）

Common Mistakes（注意！失分陷阱！）

陷阱例题①

A:Mom,can I go out to play basketball?B:Sure.But your homework __________ first.【贵港中考】

A.must be finished

B.must finish

C.will finish

D.finish

句意提示：A：妈妈，我能出去打篮球吗？

B：当然可以。但是你必须先完成家庭作业。

陷阱追击：如分辨不清句中主语和谓语动词的关系，则容易误选。

正确解析：主语your homework是谓语动词finish的承受者，所以用含有情态动词的被动语态结构“情态动词 be 过去分词”。正确答案为A。

陷阱例题②

A:Would you like to go to the movie with me?

B:Sorry,I __________ to go out tonight.【湖州中考】

A.won’t be allowed

B.am allowed

C.don’t allow

D.will allow

句意提示：A：你愿意和我一起去看电影吗？B：对不起，今晚我不被允许外出。

陷阱追击：如忽视了答语中表示将来的时间状语tonight和表示否定的信息提示词sorry，则容易误选。

正确解析：be allowed to do sth.意为“被允许做某事”。一般将来时被动语态的否定结构是“will not be 过去分词”。正确答案为A。

陷阱例题③

Mike,you __________ on the phone.【广东中考】

A.is wanted

B.want

C.are wanting

D.are wanted

句意提示：迈克，有电话找你。

陷阱追击：如分辨不清主语是动作的执行者还是承受者，则容易误选。

正确解析：主语you是谓语动词want的承受者，所以用被动语态。正确答案为D。

陷阱例题④

A number of trees __________ around Beijing every year.Our environment is getting better and better.

A.are plant

B.are planted

C.are planting

D.were planted

句意提示：北京每年都要种许多树。我们的环境正在变得越来越好。

陷阱追击：如忽视题中主语和谓语动词的关系及时间状语，则容易误选。

正确解析：由every year可知用一般现在时；由主语a number of trees是谓语动词的承受者可知用被动语态。正确答案为B。

Final Check（实力测验）

1.用括号中动词的适当形式填空

1.English __________ (speak) here.

2.The song __________ (like) by us all twenty years ago.

3.The pictures __________ (take) by Jack tomorrow.

4.The computer __________ (can use) in the room.

5.The room __________ (paint) now.

6.That clock __________ (call) Big Ben.

7.She __________ (laugh) by her classmates recently.

8.What language __________ (speak) in your country?

9.School football games __________ usually __________ (hold) on Friday evenings.

10.The film __________ (show) again sometime next week.

2.变换句型

1.Many people visited Nara.

Nara __________ __________ by many people.

2.Miss Ding teaches us English.

English __________ __________ by Miss Ding.

3.We call her Grace.

She __________ __________ Grace.

4.When did they make these cars?

When __________ these cars made?

5.My uncle gave me some English books.

Some English books __________ __________ to me by my uncle.

I __________ __________ some English books by my uncle.

6.People called him “clever” Hans.

He __________ __________ __________ __________.

7.I was encouraged by my parents.

My parents __________ __________.

【课后练习】

（ ）1．The Olympic Games ___________every four years.

A are held B were held C．are holding D．will ho1d

（ ）2. In the art show，a lot of enjoyment _ _to foreign friends by the Chinese paintings．

A． is giving B is given C will give D has given

（ ）3. Today Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It _________in. many schools around the world.

A. teaches B. is teaching C. has taught D. is taught

（ ）4. Ba Jin, one of the greatest writers in China, ________as "People's Writer".

A. is regarded B. has regarded C. is regarding D. regards

（ ）5. Usually computers _________to search the Internet.

A. use B. are using C. are used D. used

（ ）6. --Do you often clean your classroom?

--Yes. Our classroom __________every day.

A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned

（ ）7.一Did you hear that water in Tai Lake smelt terrible?

一Yes．In fact，it ____.That's all because of the people and the factories around．

A． polluted B was polluted C has polluted D．was po11ute

（ ）8. --Our environment is getting worse than before.

--You're right. But thanks to Earth Day_______, people have done more and more useful things to protect(保护)the earth since Earth Day.

A. is started B. was started C. has started

（ ）9. ---I feel very happy that I ____to be the host. ---Congratulations!

A. choose B. am chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen

（ ）10. Many trees and flowers ______ in our school last year，and they made our school a beautiful garden．

A．plant B．planted C．have planted D．were planted

（ ）11.Some famous paintings __________in the hall next week.

A. will show B. were shown C. is shown D. will be shown

（ ）12. A talk on developments in science and technology in the school hall next week .

A. given B. will be given C. has been given D. gives

（ ）13.---Great changes have taken place in this city.

---Right. Many modern tall buildings have been ______ these days.

A. turned up B. put up C. shown up D. fixed up

（ ）14.Twelve-year-olds should not to drive in China.

A. allow B. be allow C. allowed D. be allowed

（ ）15. —Do you often clean your classroom?

—Yes, our classroom ______ every day.

A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned D. Cleaned

三、课后练习

（ ）1．—Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.

–I’m sorry, but I _____ when to meet.

A. don’t tell B. didn’t tell C. haven’t told D. wasn’t told

（ ）2．Many old houses around our school ____ next year and a large green area will appear.

A. pull down B. will be pulled down C. will pull down D. are pulled down

（ ）3．--- My watch ______.

--- Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found.

A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped

（ ）4．---Did you go to Sam’s weekend party?

---No, I___________.

A. am not invited B. wasn’t invited C. haven’t invited D. didn’t invite

（ ）5．-- How often ______ your school sports meeting ______?

-- Once a year.

A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold

（ ）6．On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _______ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars.

A. sell B. sold C. is sold D. was sold

（ ）7．The "Thousand- hand Guanyin" ____ by many people as the best performance at CCTV's Spring Festival Evening.

A. has been regarded B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards

（ ）8．—Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful.

—Yes, they ______ in Hangzhou.

A. painted B. were painting C. were painted D. had painted

（ ）9．---Don’t litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign:: “Rubbish into the dustbin.”

---Sorry.

A, has throw B, was throw C, must throw D , must be thrown

（ ）10．The 29th 0lympic Games __in Beijing in 2008．

A．will hold B will be held C．hold

（ ）11. The girl was often heard happily in her room.

A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sings

（ ）12. It is reported that more new teaching buildings _________ in our school in the next term.

A. will be built B. was built C. has built D. will build

（ ）13. It is reported that more new teaching buildings _________ in our school in the next term.

A. will be built B. was built C. has built D. will build

（ ）14. The sick boy _________ to hospital by the police yesterday.

A. is taken B. was taken C. takes D. took

（ ）15. --It’s difficult for the village children to cross the river for school.

--I think a bridge _________ over the river.

A. was built B. is being built C. has been built D. should be built

（ ）16. --David, turn off the TV________ no one is watching it. --But it ________ off already! The music is from the radio. A. so that, has been turned B. when, has turned

C. if, has been turned D. because, has turned

（ ）17. Usually John to school in his father’s beautiful car.

A. has taken B. is taking C. is taken D. has been taken

（ ）18. Don’t put off today’s work for tomorrow. I mean, today’s work _________ today.

A. may do B. must do C. may be done D. must be done

（ ）19.--Look, what an old palace! It looks so great!

--Yeah, it ________ nearly 800 years ago.

A. was building B. was built C. has built D. is built

（ ）20. Don’t discuss the problems with your partner unless you­­ _________ to do so.

A. ask B. are asked C. will ask D. will be asked

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