必背单词3500题(20组极易混淆的词汇和短语辨析)

被英语“选词填空”虐过的同学都知道,ABCD四个选项中,经常会遇到很多意思相近、特别容易混淆的词汇和短语。B可能对,C看着也不错,D跟之前做过的题也很相似。那么如何辨析这些词汇的细微差别,不断总结不同之处,分析归纳,才是学好英语的关键。下面为大家总结20组常用的词汇、短语辨析。

必背单词3500题(20组极易混淆的词汇和短语辨析)(1)

1. have sb. do sth.;have sb. /sth. doing sth.;have sth. done

have sb. do sth. “使(让、请)某人做某事”,其中作宾补的不带to的不定式只表示发生过某事。如:

The soldiers had the boy stand with his back to his father. 士兵们让男孩背对着父亲站着。

have sb. / sth. doing sth. “让某人(某事)一直做某事”,其中作宾补的现在分词表示保持或一直存在的状态。如:

The two cheats had their lights burning all night long. 两个骗子让灯整夜地亮着。

Although the farm is large, my dad has only two men working for him. 虽然农场大,但我爸爸只雇了两人为他(一直)干活。

have sth. done有两层含义和用法:

①“(有意地)让他人为自己做某事”,即过去分词所表示的动作由别人完成,而宾语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者或动作对象。如:

I’ll have a new suit made of this cloth. 我要用这种布料做一套新衣服。

②“(无意识地)让某人(或某物)遭受不幸”。 如:

He had his handbag stolen. 他的手提包被人偷了。


2. happen;take place;occur

三者都表示“发生”,都是不及物动词或短语,不能用于被动语态。

happen ①常指具体事件的发生,特别指那些偶然的或未能预见的“发生”。如:

New things are happening all around us. 我们身边总有新事发生。

②还可表示“碰巧;恰好”之意。如:

It happened that I had no money on me. 我刚好没钱了。

take place ①通常指“(某事)按计划进行或按计划发生”。如:

Great changes have taken place in China. 中国发生了翻天覆地的变化。

②此外take place还有“举行”之意。如:

The meeting will take place next Friday. 会议将在下周五举行。

occur比较正式的用语,可用于具体或抽象的事物,通常指按计划或规律在较为确定的时间“发生”的事,在表示具体的事物时,可与happen换用。如:

I’m afraid that this would occur during my absence.

= I’m afraid that this would happen during my absence. 恐怕这事会在我不在时发生。

但是,如果表示“某想法”出现在人的头脑之中,不能用happen代替。

Didn’t it occur to you to phone them about it? 你难道就没想过给他们打个电话?


3. holiday(s);leave;vacation

这三个词都有“假日(期)”的意思,但含义用法并不相同。

holiday(s)一般指“休假”。 如:

Tom and I are going to have a holiday. 我和汤姆准备去度假。

I’ve already had my holidays this year. 我今年已经度过假了。

During a holiday in Sweden, I found this note on my car. 在瑞典度假期间,我在我的车子上发现了这张字条。

注:have a / one’s holiday 度假,during a holiday 在一次假期中。这种用法的holiday用单数形式,但并不只是“一天”假。

复数形式的holidays 泛指“假日”,如summer holidays暑假。但“Sunday is a holiday”中的holiday 却是“一天”的假。

leave指“请假”,被批准后离开自己的工作的一段时间。如:

He stays at home on sick leave. 他请了病假呆在家里。

He asked for a six months’ leave. 他请了6个月的假。

vacation在英国指大学的寒暑假或法定不工作的日子,美国可指任何假日(期)。如:

The students are planning how to spend their summer vacation. 这些大学生在计划着怎样过暑假。

Mr. Fuller is on vacation now. 费勒先生在度假。


4. how long;how often;how soon;how far

how long “多长”,问时间的长短。与how long连用的动词必须是延续性动词,常与完成时或将来时连用。 回答常用for a long time, for two hours等。如:

—How long have you been in America?

—For two years.

how often “多常”,问频率“间隔多久(一次),用于一般现在时或一般过去时。回答常用once a week, every other day等。如:

—How often do you go to see your grandma?

—Once a week.

how soon “(从现在起)再过多久”,用于一般将来时,回答常用in组成的表示将来时间的介词短语。如:

—How soon will they arrive here?

—In 20 minutes.

how far “(路程)多远”。 如:

How far is it from Beijing to Guangzhou? 从北京到广州有多远?


5. in all;at all;after all

in all “总共”,既可放在句首,也可放在句末。如:

There are 25,000 students in all.

=In all, there are 25,000 students. 这儿共有25,000名学生。

after all“毕竟”。表示“和预期相反”常放在句末;用来提醒不要忘记某个重要的结论或理由,一般放在句首。后者也可译为“要记住,别忘了”。如:

I thought he was going to help us, but he didn’t after all. 我以为他会帮助我们的,但他终究没有帮我们。

After all your birthday is only two weeks away. 别忘了,再过两周就是你的生日了。

at all用在否定句或本身带不肯定意义的肯定句中,以加强语气,意为“根本;竟然”。如:

I don’t agree with you at all. 我根本不同意你的意见。

I was surprised at his coming at all. 我很奇怪,他竟然来了。(本来我以为他不会来的。)


6. in the morning;on the morning of

in the morning / afternoon / evening表示“在早上(下午、晚上)”之意。

on the morning / afternoon / evening of则表示“在某个具体的一天的早上(下午、晚上)”之意,如:

He often reads English and Chinese in the morning. 他常在早上朗读英语和语文。

At 5:13 on the morning of April 18th, 1906, the city of San Francisco was shaken by a terrible earthquake. 1906年4月18日早晨5点13分,旧金山发生了一次可怕的地震。


7. just;just now

它们都有“刚”的意思,都与时间有关。

just表示“刚,刚刚”。多与完成时态连用。如:

I’ve just borrowed a book. 我刚借了一本书。

just now表示“刚才”,强调过去的动作,所以与一般过去时态连用。如:

She ate a big apple just now. 她刚才吃了一个大苹果。


8. knock…into;knock into;knock down;knock at / on

knock…into…意为“把……插、撞、敲、打入……中”。如:

Then they knocked a stick into the earth. 然后他们把木棒插入泥土中。

knock into意为“撞在……上”。into是介词,只能位于其宾语前。如:

Look out! Don’t knock into others. 小心!别撞到别人身上。

knock down意为“撞倒、打倒”。down为副词,宾语是名词时,down可位于名词前或后;宾语是人称代词时,down必须位于宾语后。如:

The car knocked the house down.

=The car knocked down the house. 小汽车把房子给撞倒了。

Be careful with the little trees. Don’t knock them down. 注意小树,不要把它们撞倒了。

knock at / on意为轻轻而有节奏地“敲”。它常用来表示“敲门、窗”等。如:

Who is knocking at the door? 谁在敲门?

Knock on the window; they may be in. 敲一下玻璃窗,他们或许在里面。


9. possibly;probably;perhaps;maybe

这几个副词都有“可能”的意思。

possibly所指的可能性较小,为加强语气,可与can或could连用;与may连用时,表示的可能性更小。如:

It may possibly be true. 也许是真的。

Please call me as soon as you possibly can. 请尽快给我打电话。

Could you possibly tell me the answer? 你能告诉我这个答案吗?

probably“很有可能;十之八九”,其语义较强,可能性较大。在否定句中,probably不能紧跟在否定词之后。例如:

It will probably be fine tomorrow. 明天大概会是晴天。

译:她大概不会来这里。

正:Probably she won’t come here.

正:She probably won’t come here.

正:She won’t come here probably.

误:She won’t probably come here.

perhaps“或许”,含有“可能这样,也可能不这样”之意,其含义和用法与maybe一样,多用于口语。maybe多用于美式英语。在这几个单词中,语义最强的是probably,其次是perhaps和maybe,最弱的是possibly。例如:

Perhaps we will be late for work. 或许我们上班会迟到。

Perhaps we’d better take a bus. 也许我们最好乘公共汽车。


10. prefer…to…;prefer to…rather than…

两个动词短语均可作“喜欢……而不喜欢……”或“宁愿……而不愿……”解,其后均可接名词。如:

I prefer volleyball to basketball.

=I prefer to volleyball rather than basketball. 我喜欢排球而不喜欢篮球。

主要区别在于:prefer…to…之后接动词时,均用-ing形式。如:

He prefers walking to cycling. 他宁愿步行而不愿骑自行车。

而prefer to…rather than…之后接动词时,均要用动词原形。如:

Liu Hulan preferred to die rather than surrender before the enemy. 刘胡兰在敌人面前宁死不屈。


11. prize;medal

prize表示“奖品”或“奖(彩)金”之意。如:

Einstein won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921. 1921年,爱因斯坦获得了诺贝尔物理奖。

She took the first prize for her singing. 她获得了唱歌一等奖。

medal指“奖牌(章)”或“勋章”。如:

Carl Lew is won four gold medals. 卡尔·刘易斯夺得四块金牌。

A medal was given to the brave fighter. 勋章授给了那位英勇的战士。


12. quiet;silent;still

quiet意为“安静的、寂静的”。用于自然环境,指没有活动、喧闹的寂静状态;指人时,表示生性安静、不易激动。如:

Be quiet. Your father is sleeping now. 安静点,你爸爸正在睡觉呢。

Jane was a quiet girl. 简是个天性好静的女孩。

silent意为“寂静的、沉默的”,表示不说话、不弄出声响,但不一定指没有活动。如:

He always keeps silent when the teacher questions him. 老师向他提问时,他总是保持沉默。

The class was silent as the teacher explained the exam rules. 当老师解释考规时教室里寂静无声。

still意为“安静的、不动的”,不指心理状态,而指环境和人表面上无动作的平静状态。如:

Stand still while I take your photo. 站着别动,我给你拍照。


13. rather than;would rather (…than)

rather than是连词,前后两端所连的词性是一致的,通常译为“而不是”或“与其说是……不如说是”,有时可用短语介词instead of替代。如:

He was writing a letter rather than / instead of reading the newspaper. 他那时正在写信而不在看报纸。

John should go rather than / instead of Jane. 应该去的是约翰,而不是简。

These shoes are comfortable rather than pretty. 这些鞋子谈不上漂亮,但穿起来倒很舒服。

Evans is a doctor rather than a teacher. 与其说埃文斯是个老师,不如说是个医生。

would rather表示选择或主观上的愿望,其中的would亦可理解为had。它表示“宁愿、宁可”的意思。如果要把取舍的双方都表达出来,则应该用would / had rather…than,表示“宁愿……也不……”。如:

My aunt invited me to the film, but I said I’d rather go on a picnic with the girls. 我的姑妈邀请我去看电影,可是我说我倒愿意跟女孩子们一起去野餐。

I am sure they would / had rather die than give up. 我深信他们一定会宁死不屈。


14. reply;answer

二者均可表示“回答”,可作名词和动词。

answer为一般用语,主要用于对问题、指责等的回答。

reply的用法较正式,多用于对问题作出解释、辩论或陈述性回答。

二者作名词时都指“……的答案或答复”,均与 to 连用。如:

Answer this question. 回答这个问题。

I asked her the reason, but she didn’t reply. 我问她为什么,她却不回答。

I received no reply / answer to my request. 我的要求没有收到任何答复。

answer后面可直接跟宾语,而reply 跟宾语时须与to连用;answer可表示对电话、敲门等作出的“应答”,reply 则不能。如:

You must reply to / answer this letter right away. 你应当马上回复这封信。

Who answered the telephone? 谁接的电话?

如果是指练习题的“答案”,一般用answer。如:

The answer to 6×10 is 60. 6乘以10 的答案是60。


15. road;street;way;path

road意为“路”,“道路”,指供车辆或人通过的广阔平坦的大道,常指“公路”,“马路”等,两侧一般没有建筑物。如:

Jim and Li Lei meet on the road. 吉姆和李雷在路上相遇。

The car is running along the road. 汽车沿着这条路行驶。

street指城镇、乡村两旁有建筑物的“街道”。“在街上”可以说on the street,也可以说in the street,前者是美式英语,后者是英式英语。如:

Go along the street, and take the third turning on the right. 沿着大街走,在第三个路口往右拐。

There are many shops in the street. 街上有许多商店。

way意为“道路”,指street,road或任何可以通行的路,含义较抽象。口语中问路时常用way。way还可指路程距离。如:

How can I get there? I don’t know the way. 我怎么能到达那里?我不知道路。

I asked the way to the station. 我打听去车站的路。

It was a long way from here. 它离这儿很远。

path通常指“小路、小径”,只供人行走的路,可以是人们践踏而成的路,如山中、林间的羊肠小道;也可以指公园、田间的小路,还可以指供人或事物移动的“路线”等。如:

They walked along the path across the field. 他们沿着穿越田野的路走去。


16. so;such

两者都可以表示“如此、这样”。

so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词。

such是形容词,用来修饰名词。如果修饰单数可数名词(名词前常有形容词修饰),其后需加不定冠词a或an,即把不定冠词置于such的后面,形容词的前面。如:

He writes so well. 他字写得这么好。

He told us such a funny story. 他给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。

另外,当名词前有many,much,few,little等词修饰时,用so,不用such;当单数可数名词前有形容词修饰时,也可以用so,但要调整冠词的位置,即冠词置于形容词之后,单数可数名词前。如:

They made so much noise, our teacher got angry. 他们吵得这么历害,老师生气了。

It’s so cold a day today. (=It’s such a cold day today.) 今天是这么寒冷的一天。


17. sometimes;sometime;some time

sometimes是个频度副词,意为“有时”,表示动作发生的不经常性,常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用。如:

Sometimes I have lunch at school. 有时我在学校吃午饭。

sometime是个副词,意为“某时”,指时间上不确定的某一点,常用于过去时或将来时。如:

I saw him sometime in July. 七月有一天我曾见到过他。

some time是个名词短语,意思是“一段时间”,在句中常与for,take等词连用。如:

I’ll stay here for some time. 我将在这儿呆一段时间。


18. spend;take;pay

spend “花费”。常用句型为:sb. spend(s) some money / time on sth.或sb. spend(s) some money / time (in) doing sth. 其主语一般是人。如:

He spent 20 yuan on the pen. 他花了20元钱买了这支钢笔。

I spent a week (in) finishing reading the book. 我花了一周时间读完这本书。

take “占用或花费(时间)”。常用句型为:sth. takes sb. time 或It takes sb. time to do sth. 如:

The work will take us two hours. 这项工作将花费我们两小时。

It took me three days to travel to Beijing. 我在北京旅游了三天。

pay “付款、给……报酬”,可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词。常用句型为:

①sb. pay(s) sb. money意为“某人付款给另一个人”或“某人给另一个人多少报酬”。如:

He pays me fifty yuan a week. 他每周给我五十元的报酬。

②pay for sth. 意为“付……款、给……报酬”。如:

He has paid for the meal. 他已付了那顿饭的钱。

③pay money for sth. 意为“花多少钱买某物”。如:

My father paid 40 pounds for the desk. 我父亲花了40英磅买了这张书桌。


19. tell . . . from;tell . . . between

二者均为习惯用法。tell A from B意为“区分A和B”,也可以说成tell the difference between A and B。如:

Can you tell American English from British English? 你能分辨出美式英语和英式英语吗?

To tell the truth, I really can’t tell the differences between the Maori and American Indians.

老实说,我真的分不清毛利人和印第安人。


20. want;wish;hope

这三个动词都可以表示愿望,意思为“想要;希望;期望”等,但它们的用法有别:

want用于口语,表达迫切的愿望。常用于:

①want n./pron. 想要某物,如:

I want a new pen. 我想要支新钢笔。

②want to do sth. 要做某事,如:

I want to buy the bike. 我想买这辆自行车。

③want sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事,如:

The teacher wants us to clean the classroom. 老师要我们打扫教室。

④want sth. done 想要别人做某事,如:

He wants the work done at once. 他想要这项工作立刻结束。

⑤sth. want doing / to be done某事需要做,如:

The windows wants cleaning / to be cleaned. 窗户需要清扫。

wish表示客观上不太可能实现的希望或表示祝愿。常用于:

①wish to do sth. 希望做某事,如:

I wish to visit America someday. 我希望有一天去参观美国。

②wish sb. to do sth. 希望某人做某事,如:

His parents wish him to be a scientist in the future. 他父母希望他将来成为科学家。

③wish sb. n./adj. 祝愿某人...... ,如:

I wish you success! I wish you happy! 祝你成功!祝你幸福!

④wish that clause 但愿.....(从句要用虚拟语气),如:

I wish (that) I were young again. 我希望我又年轻了。

⑤wish sth. done希望(别人)做了某事,如:

I wish the work finished this week. 我希望这项工作本周结束。

hope强调主观上的“希望”。常用于:

①hope to do sth. 希望做某事,如:

We hope to visit Yan’an soon. 我们希望很快就去参观延安。

②hope that clause希望...... ,如:

Our foreign friends hope that they can join the May Day celebrations in Beijing.

我们的外国朋友希望他们能在北京参加“五一”庆祝活动。

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