设计思维的通俗的理解（设计杂谈关于设计思维）

整理翻译：设计与设计师（ID：Design-Designer）作者： Patrick Newbery版权归原作者所有，转载请注明出处。

THINKING ABOUT DESIGN THINKING

关于设计思维

Learn how thinking like a designer can be an effective tool for solving problems, regardless of your role or business.

无论你扮演什么角色或者从事什么工作，了解如何像设计师一样思考是解决问题的有效工具。

Patrick Newbery: Chief Digital Officer

How Businesses in Transformation Should Understand Design Thinking

转型中的企业应该如何理解设计思维

Design Thinking is often presented as the silver bullet that solves business problems while making customers happier. Advocates say Design Thinking is a perspective, a methodology, a role, even something you can get certified in. Business leaders are embracing it, while at the same time designers are criticizing it. At some point, one has to ask: are we all really referring to the same thing here? And if not, how do we have a meaningful conversation about what we are trying to do? How to we make Design Thinking actionable?

设计思维通常被视为解决商业问题、同时能让客户更开心的良方。支持者说，设计思维是一种视角、一种方法、一个角色，甚至是一些你可以获得认证的东西。商业领袖们正在接受它，但与此同时设计师们却在批评它。在某种程度上，我们不得不问:我们在这里真的指的是同一件事吗？如果不是，我们如何就我们想做的事情进行有意义的对话?如何使设计思维具有可操作性呢?

The best way to make Design Thinking actionable is by understanding where the concept comes from and being able to talk about needs and approaches at this level. To do this, we start by focusing on what we mean by design and the influence this has on how a designer thinks. Then, we’ll see where it may be risky to use loose or abstract definitions of Design Thinking. By having a working conceptual model of design and how designers think, one can now say: “here’s what we need to do, here are our challenges, what aspects of Design Thinking are you proposing and why?”

使设计思维可执行的最好方法是理解概念的来源，并能够在这个层次上讨论需求和方法。要做到这一点，我们首先要关注我们所说的设计是什么，以及它对设计师思维方式的影响。然后，我们将看到在哪里使用松散或抽象的设计思维定义可能有风险。有了一个可行的设计概念模型和设计师的思维方式，人们现在可以说:“这是我们需要做的，这是我们的挑战，你提出了设计思维的哪些方面以及为什么?”

What Exactly is a Design?

设计到底是什么?

If we want to get to the value of Design Thinking, we need to understand what it’s like to “think like a designer.” To do that, we have to be clear about the term Design. The description below is a schematic to illustrate some important concepts relevant to Design:

如果我们想了解设计思维的价值，我们需要理解“像设计师一样思考”是什么样的。“要做到这一点，我们必须明确设计这个术语。以下是一个示意图，说明一些与设计相关的重要概念:

• Designing is about problem solving. Finding a solution to a problem and defining the form function of the solution.
• 设计就是解决问题。为问题找到一个解决方案，并定义解决方案的形式和功能。
• Design involves navigating the steps taken to finding a solution to a problem (a Process) and providing specifications for the form and function of the solution (an Outcome）.
• 设计包括导航找到问题(流程)的解决方案所采取的步骤，并为解决方案的形式和功能(结果)提供规范。
• In successfully navigating the steps to a solution, decisions made by a designer (or presented by a designer for consideration) should support arriving at a viable solution. What this means is any potential requirements and constraints of production, implementation, and use that will have an effect on the effectiveness of the solution get considered and addressed during the process of designing. Because of this, different kinds of outcomes have different variations on processes (designing a marketing web site is different than design a mobile application, although they both have a digital interface).
• 在成功地导航到解决方案的步骤时，由设计人员做出的决策(或由设计人员提供的供考虑的决策)应该支持实现可行的解决方案。这意味着在设计过程中要考虑和处理生产、实现和使用的任何潜在需求和约束，这些需求和约束将对解决方案的有效性产生影响。正因为如此，不同的结果在流程上有不同的变化(设计一个营销网站与设计一个移动应用程序是不同的，尽管它们都有一个数字界面)。
• One common aspect of design processes is Iteration, or successive cycles of revision. In some cases, the cycles of iteration may be used to expand the number of options that might be viable solutions. In other cases iteration is used to drive out the details and ensure that all requirements and constraints have been considered for a chosen option.
• 设计过程的共同方面是迭代，或连续的修订周期。在某些情况下，迭代周期可用于扩展可能可行的解决方案的选项数量。在其他情况下，迭代用于排除细节，并确保所有的需求和约束都被考虑到。
• The outcomes of the design process, or what we often refer to as “the design”, can be Tangible (toaster, furniture, car, buildings, airplanes, Civil infrastructure) and Intangible (Policies, Programs, Software, Communication Protocols). Historically, Tangible meant an inability to easily modify characteristics after production, so design had to get everything right up front. Intangibles like.
• 设计过程的结果，或者我们通常所说的“设计”，可以是有形的(烤面包机、家具、汽车、建筑物、飞机、民用基础设施)，也可以是无形的(政策、程序、软件、通信协议)。从历史上看，有形意味着无法在生产之后轻松地修改特性，所以设计必须在一开始就考虑周全。无形的。

Software creates a novel situation. From one point of view Design is never complete, but in a constant cycle of identifying, solving, and specifying. Digital technology is blurring the boundary between Tangible and Intangible Outcomes. This change makes it all the more important to be very specific about what one means when using the term Design Thinking in a given business context.

软件创造了一种新的情况。从一个角度来看，设计从来都不是完整的，而是在一个不断确定、解决和指定的循环中完成的。数字技术正在模糊有形成果和无形成果之间的界限。这种变化使得在给定的业务上下文中使用“设计思维”这个术语时，更重要的是要非常具体地说明它的含义。

How Do “Designers” Think?

设计师”怎样思考?

Do designers think differently because they are different? It’s unlikely that there is a hard and fast line between the mind of someone who will later become a designer and someone who later became a business executive. Two things are worth noting. The first is the natural patterns of thinking common to people who design for a living, even when not fully immersed in their work. The second will be how a designer goes about getting from Process to Outcome.

设计师会因为他们的不同而有不同的想法吗?在日后成为设计师的人与后来成为企业高管的人之间，不太可能有明确的界限。有两件事值得注意。第一种是为谋生而设计的人所共有的自然思维模式，即使他们没有完全投入到工作中。第二个是设计师如何从过程走向结果。

Designers think a lot like the rest of us when playing the role of problem solvers: “What are you trying to do and how far along are you?” For a designer, this line of approach is very natural because it is leverages two key patterns of thinking that are relevant to their role:

当设计师们扮演问题解决者的角色时，他们的想法和我们很像:“你想做什么，你到底做了多少？”对于一个设计师来说，这种方法是非常自然的，因为它利用了与其角色相关的两种关键思维模式：

Curiosity

好奇心

The best designers are often very curious people; they want to know how things work, why, what else is related, what happens when you change things, what would a real customer say.

最好的设计师通常都是非常有好奇心的人;他们想知道事物是如何运作的，为什么，还有什么其他相关的，当你改变事情时会发生什么，一个真正的客户会怎么说。

Curiosity is useful as designers need to know enough about the Outcome to ensure that the take the right Process and have the right information on needs, requirements, and constraints. Curiosity is also a tool, as designers know that they can often generate innovative and differentiated solution options, if the right insights or inspiration can be found. And curiosity is essential to the first rule of problem solving: define the problem as that’s often the key to the solution.

好奇心是非常有用的，因为设计人员需要对结果有足够的了解，以确保采用正确的流程，并拥有关于需求、需求和约束的正确信息。好奇心也是一种工具，因为设计师们知道，如果能找到正确的见解或灵感，他们通常可以产生创新的、差异化的解决方案选项。好奇心是解决问题的首要原则:把问题定义为解决问题的关键。

Context-Seeking

语境寻求

Design is all about context: what’s being considered, what is relevant, where are unanticipated influences going to come from, what is the existing mechanisms/dynamics at play? Is there evidence to suggest we don’t understand broader life context of people buying and using our products and services?

设计都是关于语境的：正在考虑什么，什么是相关的，意料之外的影响将从何而来，现有的机制/动力起着什么作用？是否有证据表明，我们不了解人们购买和使用我们产品和服务的更广泛的生活背景?

Being able to define the context for a solution to a problem is important. When context is too narrowly defined, the solution is incomplete. When the context is too broad, complexity gets out of hand.

能够为问题的解决方案定义上下文是很重要的。当上下文定义过于狭窄时，解决方案是不完整的。当上下文太宽时，复杂性就会失控。

To really follow the first rule of problem solving (define the problem) you have to define the context, which is why Curiosity an Context-Seeking are common characteristics of designers.

要真正遵循解决问题的第一条规则(定义问题)，您必须定义上下文，这就是为什么好奇心和上下文搜索是设计师的共同特征。

When a designer is working—engaging in a Process to reach an Outcome—they have a natural starting point: understanding how well the problem and requirements are defined. They will also want to know if they are starting from a blank slate. Lastly, they need to have an idea of who else needs to weigh in and how to get from potential solutions to final solutions.

当一个设计师在通过工作过程以达到结果时，他们有一个自然的出发点:理解问题和需求是如何定义的。他们也会想知道他们是否要从头开始。最后，他们需要知道谁还需要参与进来，以及如何从潜在的解决方案得到最终的解决方案。

A designer needs to know how things stand so they can determine if they should explore a breadth of options or go deep into fewer (or perhaps just one) options. They also need to know if they should exclude some options. This is because a designer has two different problem solving cadences.

设计师需要知道事情的现状，这样他们才能决定是否应该探索更多的选项，还是深入研究更少的(或者可能只有一个)选项。他们还需要知道是否应该排除一些选项。这是因为设计师有两种不同的解决问题的节奏。

Divergent Thinking

发散思维

This is often what people have in mind when they imagine design creativity. It is explorative, generative, focusing on breadth over depth. Iteration is used to get breadth, through lateral-thinking.

这通常是人们在想象设计创意时的想法。它具有探索性、生动性，注重广度而非深度。迭代是通过横向思维来获得广度。

Convergent Thinking

会聚思维

This is often what people have in mind when they imagine the craft of design. It is reductive, refining, with Iteration serving to increase specificity in components of the solution.

这通常是人们在想象设计工艺时所想到的。它是简化的、精炼的，并通过迭代来提高解决方案组件的特异性。

It is most important is to understand whether the need is for a divergent or convergent approach at any given stage of the Process. A design rationale that helps people understand past decisions as well as implications for choices of current options helps to ensure that everyone involved in the process is on the same page, as the stages of thinking are applied.

最重要的是了解在这一进程的任何一个特定阶段是否需要采取不同的或会聚的办法。帮助人们理解过去的决定以及对当前选择的影响的设计基本原理有助于确保每个参与过程的人都在同一页上，思维的各个阶段都得到了应用。

In choosing what steps to include in the process of design and what happens during those steps, a Designer’s end-goal is to provide a solution to the problem, based on a clear Design Rationale that allows people to understand why the solution is what it is and what options might exist to change or evolve the solution. In addition, the end goal should include adequate specifications so that the solution can actually be delivered.

在选择的过程中包含哪些步骤设计和发生在这些步骤中,设计师的阐述是提供一个解决问题的办法,基于一个明确的设计原理,让人们理解的解决方案是什么,什么选项可能存在变化或发展的解决方案。此外，最终目标应该包括足够的规范，以便实际交付解决方案。

Limitations of Design Thinking

设计思维的局限性

One of the things that appeals to many people drawn to Design Thinking is the priority it places on designing for the human experience, and the kind of qualities it suggests as inspiration and source of insight. And that’s great. But that is just one aspect of what design is about. And the design process already accounts for that. If it’s not part of the process, one should understand why before expecting Design Thinking to deliver what you are looking for.

设计思维吸引了很多人，其中一个原因是它把人类体验的设计放在首位，以及它所暗示的灵感和洞察力的来源。这是非常伟大的。但这只是设计的一个方面。设计过程已经说明了这一点。如果这不是过程的一部分，那么在期望设计思维交付您所寻找的内容之前，应该先了解其中的原因。

Implicit in any design process is that experience makes a difference. What is the nature of experience we get with Design Thinking? There are two important capabilities that an experienced designer relies upon. The first is experience with applying divergent and convergent thinking in a given problem space. Knowing how to use information and insight to guide divergence, and how to focus thinking in order to drive out details is key to efficiency and developing a design rationale. The second is they know—through experience—the requirements, constraints, and type of specifications needed for a given type of outcome. This means they don’t spend time collecting information or trying to understand the implications on a solution option. If Design Thinking creates an expectation that this experience won’t be needed or is somehow brought to the table through a non-design role, there is likely to be misalignment in expectations around the outcome.

任何设计过程中都隐含着经验的重要性。我们从设计思维中获得的经验的本质是什么?有经验的设计师依赖两个重要的功能。首先是在给定的问题空间中应用发散性和会聚性思维的经验。了解如何使用信息和洞察力来引导分歧，以及如何集中思想以排除细节是提高效率和开发设计原理的关键。第二，他们通过经验了解特定类型的结果所需的需求、约束和规范类型。这意味着他们不会花时间收集信息或试图理解解决方案选项的含义。如果设计思维产生了一种预期，即不需要这种体验，或者通过非设计角色以某种方式将其呈现出来，那么围绕结果的预期很可能会出现偏差。

The all-inclusive nature of current definitions of Design Thinking should raise important questions like: Who ensures that the process has been based on the right understanding of the problem context? Who ensures that the outcome has the right degree of specificity? These questions often come up when Design Thinking is interpreted as a methodology or process, but may not be the best fit. Examples of this include:

当前设计思维定义的全面性应该提出一些重要的问题，比如:谁确保流程基于对问题上下文的正确理解?谁来确保结果具有适当程度的特异性?当设计思维被解释为一种方法或过程时，这些问题经常出现，但可能不是最合适的。这方面的例子包括:

• Hoping to improve plans for a product or service by applying divergent thinking during convergent Iteration (where Design Thinking is proposed as a way to innovate a product during the UX/UI design stage）
• 希望通过在收敛迭代中应用发散思维来改进产品或服务的计划(其中设计思想是作为在UX/UI设计阶段创新产品的一种方法)
• MVP/CICD-based product strategies, where there is limited investment in design ahead of real user feedback. Efficiency is gained through investment on design systems and ability to iterate product. In some ways this is turning the traditional design process inside out where you will iterate the design of something based on how people are actually using it.
• 基于MVP/ cicd的产品策略，在真正的用户反馈之前，在设计方面的投资是有限的。通过对设计系统的投资和产品的迭代能力，可以提高效率。在某种程度上，这是将传统的设计过程彻底颠覆，在此过程中，您将根据人们实际使用它的方式迭代某些东西的设计。
• Complex ecosystems (multiple business needs, customer needs, stages of value creation delivery, multiple touch points, multi-stage interactions, etc) require a more structured approach to managing information through the process of design. Service Design is such a framework and is Design Thinking-friendly (but Design Thinking is not the same as Service Design)
• 复杂的生态系统(多个业务需求、客户需求、价值创造交付阶段、多个接触点、多阶段交互等)需要通过设计过程对信息进行更结构化的管理。服务设计就是这样一个框架，是设计思维友好的(但设计思想与服务设计不同)

Summary

Design Thinking is here to stay as part of the common vocabulary and can stand for a lot of useful knowledge. This is good because it helps keep design in the right conversations. The key to making it actionable is to understand how design works, as this is actually design thinking. Letting Design Thinking become a term synonymous with a single missing ingredient that can be applied to your situation to make things better, is not likely get you where you need to be.

设计思维已经成为通用词汇的一部分，可以代表很多有用的知识。这很好，因为它有助于在正确的对话中保持设计。使之可行的关键是理解设计是如何工作的，因为这实际上是设计思维。设计思维成为了一个术语的同义词，一个可以应用到你的处境中使事情变得更好的要素，但它不太可能让你达到你需要的状态。

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